What are the common GI side effects of oral bisphosphonates, routinely prescribed for osteoporosis? GERD, dyspepsia, esophageal ulcers, and gastritis have been reported with oral bisphosphonates. Their use is contraindicated in Barrett’s esophagus.
Which commonly prescribed hepatitis C treatment is associated with hypothyroidism? Pegylated interferon-α2b causes or worsens underlying autoimmune thyroid disease. Hypothyroidism can be seen in upward of 5% of treated patients. In addition, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g., sunitinib, imatinib), which are used to treat hepatocellular carcinoma, are also noted to cause hypothyroidism.
Mechanisms for hypoglycemia following gastric bypass surgery • Dumping syndrome occurs following gastric bypass patients after ingestions of simple carbohydrates. Rapid emptying of food into the small bowel results in fluid shifts and insulin release, resulting in hypotension, diarrhea, tachycardia, and hypoglycemia. Treatment entails small frequent meals and avoidance of simple carbohydrates. • Islet cell hyperplasia may …
Indications for bariatric surgery? What are the types of procedures and potential complications. Bariatric surgery is reserved for individuals with a BMI of more than 40 kg/m 2 or a BMI of more than 35 kg/m 2 and comorbid conditions. Weight loss of 50% to 70% is reported after surgery. There are three bariatric surgical techniques for weight loss: …
What are the treatment options for obesity? Obesity is associated with increased morbidity (i.e., diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, sleep apnea, coronary artery disease) and mortality. Weight loss (i.e., 5%-10% loss) can modify metabolic parameters and reduce the risks associated with obesity. Lifestyle modification (i.e., diet and exercise) is the cornerstone of treatment. For individuals who …
Specific GI manifestations of obesity The following GI disorders and cancers are potential complications of obesity: • GI disorders: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett’s esophagus, and gallstones • GI cancers: esophagus, stomach, colon, rectal, liver, and pancreas
pathogenesis of obesity? How is it defined for clinical purposes? Both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of obesity. In general, excess energy intake relative to expenditure results in the accumulation of body fat over time. The regulation of adipose tissue is complex and involves the central and sympathetic nervous systems, …