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Pentamidine isethionate Brand Names- NebuPent | Pentam
What is Pentamidine
Pentamidine isethionate is an antifungal agent of the aromatic diamidine-derivative class. It is structurally and pharmacologically similar to stilbamidine.
Pentamidine was discovered in England and has been used outside the United States since 1941.
Prior to the AIDS epidemic, pentamidine was used only for trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness) and leishmaniasis.
In the past several years, pentamidine has become an important therapeutic agent for the treatment and prophylaxis of Pneumocystis jiroveci (Pneumocystis carinii) pneumonia.
Pentamidine is available as an injection and for oral inhalation, although parenteral administration is associated with several major adverse reactions.
It was approved for use in the United States by the FDA in October 1984.
Indications
- African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)
- Leishmania aethiopica
- Leishmania braziliensis
- Leishmania donovani
- Leishmania mexicana
- Leishmania peruviana
- Leishmania sp.
- Leishmania tropica
- leishmaniasis
- Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly Pneumocystis carinii)
- Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
- Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) prophylaxis
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
- Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
- Trypanosoma sp.
Side Effects
- abdominal pain
- anaphylactoid reactions
- anemia
- angioedema
- anorexia
- anxiety
- arthralgia
- azotemia
- blepharitis
- blurred vision
- bronchospasm
- candidiasis
- chest pain (unspecified)
- chills
- colitis
- confusion
- conjunctivitis
- constipation
- cough
- cyanosis
- depression
- diabetes mellitus
- diabetic ketoacidosis
- diarrhea
- dizziness
- drowsiness
- dysgeusia
- dyspepsia
- dyspnea
- elevated hepatic enzymes
- emotional lability
- eosinophilia
- eosinophilic pneumonia
- erythema
- esophagitis
- fatigue
- fever
- flank pain
- gastritis
- gingivitis
- gout
- hallucinations
- headache
- hearing loss
- hematuria
- hemoptysis
- hepatitis
- hepatomegaly
- hyperchloremic acidosis
- hyperglycemia
- hyperkalemia
- hypersalivation
- hypertension
- hyperventilation
- hypocalcemia
- hypoesthesia
- hypoglycemia
- hypomagnesemia
- hypotension
- infection
- influenza
- injection site reaction
- insomnia
- laryngitis
- laryngospasm
- lethargy
- leukopenia
- melena
- memory impairment
- meningitis
- myalgia
- nasal congestion
- nausea
- neutropenia
- night sweats
- ocular pain
- oral ulceration
- palpitations
- pancreatitis
- pancytopenia
- paranoia
- paresthesias
- peptic ulcer
- peripheral edema
- peripheral neuropathy
- peripheral vasodilation
- pharyngitis
- phlebitis
- pneumonitis
- pneumothorax
- prolonged bleeding time
- pruritus
- rash
- renal failure (unspecified)
- rhinitis
- seizures
- SIADH
- sialadenitis
- sinus tachycardia
- sinusitis
- skin ulcer
- splenomegaly
- Stevens-Johnson syndrome
- stroke
- superinfection
- syncope
- tachypnea
- thrombocytopenia
- tissue necrosis
- torsade de pointes
- tremor
- urinary incontinence
- urticaria
- vasculitis
- ventricular tachycardia
- vertigo
- vomiting
- wheezing
- xerosis
- xerostomia
Monitoring Parameters
- blood glucose
- CBC
- ECG
- LFTs
- serum amylase
- serum bicarbonate
- serum calcium
- serum chloride
- serum creatinine/BUN
- serum magnesium
- serum potassium
Contraindications
- anemia
- apheresis
- asthma
- AV block
- bone marrow suppression
- bradycardia
- breast-feeding
- cardiac arrhythmias
- cardiac disease
- cardiomyopathy
- celiac disease
- children
- dehydration
- dental disease
- dental work
- diabetes mellitus
- females
- fever
- geriatric
- heart failure
- hepatic disease
- human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
- hyperglycemia
- hyperparathyroidism
- hypocalcemia
- hypoglycemia
- hypokalemia
- hypomagnesemia
- hypotension
- hypothermia
- hypothyroidism
- infants
- intramuscular injections
- long QT syndrome
- myocardial infarction
- neonates
- pancreatitis
- pheochromocytoma
- pregnancy
- QT prolongation
- radiation therapy
- renal disease
- rheumatoid arthritis
- sickle cell disease
- sleep deprivation
- stroke
- systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Interactions
- Abarelix
- Acetohexamide
- Alfuzosin
- Alogliptin
- Alogliptin; Metformin
- Alogliptin; Pioglitazone
- Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors
- Amikacin
- Aminoglycosides
- Amiodarone
- Amlodipine; Celecoxib
- Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin; Lansoprazole
- Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin; Omeprazole
- Amphotericin B
- Amphotericin B cholesteryl sulfate complex (ABCD)
- Amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC)
- Amphotericin B liposomal (LAmB)
- Anagrelide
- Apomorphine
- Aripiprazole
- Arsenic Trioxide
- Artemether; Lumefantrine
- Asenapine
- Atazanavir; Cobicistat
- Atomoxetine
- Azithromycin
- Bacitracin
- Bedaquiline
- Bepridil
- Bismuth Subcitrate Potassium; Metronidazole; Tetracycline
- Bismuth Subsalicylate; Metronidazole; Tetracycline
- Bleomycin
- Bumetanide
- Buprenorphine
- Buprenorphine; Naloxone
- Canagliflozin
- Canagliflozin; Metformin
- Celecoxib
- Ceritinib
- Chloroquine
- Chlorpromazine
- Chlorpropamide
- Cidofovir
- Ciprofloxacin
- Cisapride
- Cisplatin
- Citalopram
- Clarithromycin
- Clofarabine
- Clofazimine
- Clozapine
- Cobicistat
- Codeine; Phenylephrine; Promethazine
- Codeine; Promethazine
- Crizotinib
- Cyclosporine
- Dapagliflozin
- Dapagliflozin; Metformin
- Dapagliflozin; Saxagliptin
- Darunavir
- Darunavir; Cobicistat
- Darunavir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir alafenamide
- Dasatinib
- Degarelix
- Deutetrabenazine
- Dextromethorphan; Promethazine
- Dextromethorphan; Quinidine
- Diclofenac
- Diclofenac; Misoprostol
- Diflunisal
- Diphenhydramine; Ibuprofen
- Diphenhydramine; Naproxen
- Disopyramide
- Dofetilide
- Dolasetron
- Dolutegravir; Rilpivirine
- Donepezil
- Donepezil; Memantine
- Dronedarone
- Droperidol
- Drospirenone; Ethinyl Estradiol; Levomefolate
- Efavirenz
- Efavirenz; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir
- Efavirenz; Lamivudine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate
- Eliglustat
- Elvitegravir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Alafenamide
- Elvitegravir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate
- Empagliflozin
- Empagliflozin; Linagliptin
- Empagliflozin; Linagliptin; Metformin
- Empagliflozin; Metformin
- Emtricitabine; Rilpivirine; Tenofovir alafenamide
- Emtricitabine; Rilpivirine; Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
- Encorafenib
- Enflurane
- Entrectinib
- Eribulin
- Ertugliflozin; Metformin
- Ertugliflozin; Sitagliptin
- Erythromycin
- Erythromycin; Sulfisoxazole
- Escitalopram
- Esomeprazole; Naproxen
- Ethacrynic Acid
- Ethinyl Estradiol; Levonorgestrel; Folic Acid; Levomefolate
- Etodolac
- Ezogabine
- Famotidine; Ibuprofen
- Fenoprofen
- Fingolimod
- Flecainide
- Fluconazole
- Fluoxetine
- Fluoxetine; Olanzapine
- Fluphenazine
- Flurbiprofen
- Fluvoxamine
- Foscarnet
- Fostemsavir
- Furosemide
- Gallium
- Gallium Ga 68 Dotatate
- Ganciclovir
- Gemifloxacin
- Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin
- Gentamicin
- Gilteritinib
- Glasdegib
- Glimepiride
- Glimepiride; Pioglitazone
- Glimepiride; Rosiglitazone
- Glipizide
- Glipizide; Metformin
- Glyburide
- Glyburide; Metformin
- Goserelin
- Granisetron
- Halofantrine
- Haloperidol
- Halothane
- Histrelin
- Hyaluronidase, Recombinant; Immune Globulin
- Hydrocodone; Ibuprofen
- Hydroxychloroquine
- Hydroxyzine
- Ibuprofen
- Ibuprofen; Oxycodone
- Ibuprofen; Pseudoephedrine
- Ibutilide
- Iloperidone
- Immune Globulin IV, IVIG, IGIV
- Incretin Mimetics
- Indomethacin
- Inotersen
- Inotuzumab Ozogamicin
- Insulins
- Isoflurane
- Itraconazole
- Ivosidenib
- Kanamycin
- Ketoconazole
- Ketoprofen
- Ketorolac
- Lansoprazole; Naproxen
- Lapatinib
- Lefamulin
- Lenvatinib
- Leuprolide
- Leuprolide; Norethindrone
- Levofloxacin
- Levomefolate
- Levomethadyl
- Linagliptin
- Linagliptin; Metformin
- Lithium
- Lofexidine
- Lomefloxacin
- Long-acting beta-agonists
- Loop diuretics
- Loperamide
- Loperamide; Simethicone
- Lopinavir; Ritonavir
- Macimorelin
- Mannitol
- Maprotiline
- Meclofenamate Sodium
- Mefenamic Acid
- Mefloquine
- Meloxicam
- Meperidine; Promethazine
- Mesoridazine
- Metformin
- Metformin; Pioglitazone
- Metformin; Repaglinide
- Metformin; Rosiglitazone
- Metformin; Saxagliptin
- Metformin; Sitagliptin
- Methadone
- Metronidazole
- Midostaurin
- Mifepristone
- Mirabegron
- Mirtazapine
- Moxifloxacin
- Nabumetone
- Naproxen
- Naproxen; Pseudoephedrine
- Naproxen; Sumatriptan
- Nateglinide
- Nilotinib
- Norfloxacin
- Octreotide
- Ofloxacin
- Olanzapine
- Ondansetron
- Oritavancin
- Osilodrostat
- Osimertinib
- Oxaliplatin
- Oxaprozin
- Ozanimod
- Paliperidone
- Panobinostat
- Paromomycin
- Paroxetine
- Pasireotide
- Pazopanib
- Peginterferon Alfa-2b
- Perphenazine
- Perphenazine; Amitriptyline
- Phenylephrine; Promethazine
- Pimavanserin
- Pimozide
- Piroxicam
- Pitolisant
- Plazomicin
- Posaconazole
- Pramlintide
- Primaquine
- Procainamide
- Prochlorperazine
- Promethazine
- Propafenone
- Quetiapine
- Quinidine
- Quinine
- Ranolazine
- Repaglinide
- Ribociclib
- Ribociclib; Letrozole
- Rilpivirine
- Risperidone
- Rolapitant
- Romidepsin
- Saquinavir
- Saxagliptin
- Selpercatinib
- Sertraline
- Sevoflurane
- Short-acting beta-agonists
- Simvastatin; Sitagliptin
- Siponimod
- Sitagliptin
- Solifenacin
- Sorafenib
- Sotalol
- Sparfloxacin
- Streptomycin
- Sulfonylureas
- Sulindac
- Sunitinib
- Tacrolimus
- Tamoxifen
- Telavancin
- Telithromycin
- Terfenadine
- Tetrabenazine
- Thiazide diuretics
- Thiazolidinediones
- Thioridazine
- Tobramycin
- Tolazamide
- Tolbutamide
- Tolmetin
- Tolterodine
- Toremifene
- Torsemide
- Trazodone
- Triclabendazole
- Tricyclic antidepressants
- Trifluoperazine
- Triptorelin
- Valganciclovir
- Vancomycin
- Vandetanib
- Vardenafil
- Vasopressin, ADH
- Vemurafenib
- Venlafaxine
- Voriconazole
- Vorinostat
- Zalcitabine, ddC
- Ziprasidone