What immunotherapeutic agents may cause hypophysitis/pituitary stalk inflammation?
- Hypophysitis is the most common immune-related adverse reaction (IRAE) associated with the immunotherapeutic agents/immune checkpoint inhibitors used to treat melanoma and lung cancer.
- The agents most commonly implicated are ipilimumab, an IgG1 antibody directed against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4; pembrolizumab and nivolumab, IgG4 antibodies directed against programmed cell death receptor protein (PD-1) and atezolizumab, durvalumab, and avelumab; programmed cell death receptor ligand (PD-L1) inhibitors.
- The incidence of hypophysitis is highest for ipilimumab (∼ 3.2% versus 12%–15% at high doses) compared with the PD-1 agents (< 0.5%), and PD-L1 inhibitors (< 0.1%). Higher rates are associated with combination (CTLA-4 and PD-1) therapy (6.4%).