Possible causes of biliary obstruction
- • Choledocholithiasis.
- • Congenital biliary disease (choledochal cysts, Caroli’s disease).
- • Cholangitis with stricture formation (such as with pyogenic, helminthic, or HIV infection or with sclerosing cholangitis).
- • Neoplastic disease (cholangiocarcinoma, metastatic disease).
