Clinical Features of Neuropsychiatric Lupus and Their Prevalence
DiffuseFocal
- Acute confusional state (4%–7%)
- • Coma
- Stroke syndromes (5%–18%)
- Cognitive dysfunction
- • Severe (dementia) (3%–5%)
- Seizures (7%–20%)
- Psychiatric disease
- • Psychosis (2%–11%)
- • Depression/anxiety
- Movement disorders (<1%–2%)
- • Chorea
- • Ataxia, hemiballismus, others
- Intractable headache
- • Pseudotumor cerebri (<1%)
- Demyelinating syndromes (<1%)
- Aseptic meningitis (<1%)
- Transverse myelopathy (1%–2%)
