Poliovirus Vaccine Live Oral OPV

What is Poliovirus Vaccine Live Oral OPV

NOTE: This drug is no longer commercially available in the U.S.

Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) is a trivalent vaccine that contains live attenuated poliovirus (Sabin strain types 1, 2 and 3) and is intended for polio prophylaxis.

The attenuated virus particles in OPV are harvested from monkey kidney cell cultures and undergo an extensive purification process.

Primary immunization with a series of 3 doses of OPV confers immunity to all 3 poliovirus serotypes in 95% of those vaccinated.

Due to the more extensive mucosal antigenic responses produced by OPV versus inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), OPV was the polio vaccine of choice for over 30 years for routine immunization in healthy infants, children, and adolescents in the US. However, in 1997 the CDC noted that the relative benefits of OPV versus IPV had diminished due to the elimination of wild-type poliovirus in the Western Hemisphere and the reduced threat of natural poliovirus importation into the US.

The risk of OPV-associated paralytic poliomyelitis is now less acceptable as a potential side-effect of OPV immunization in the general population.

The CDC currently recommends an all-IPV immunization schedule for routine childhood polio vaccination in the US (see IPV monograph).

In general, OPV-only immunization regimens will remain the preferred regimens to control outbreaks associated with wild-type poliovirus, for imminent travel to polio endemic areas, or for special circumstances related to individual patients. OPV received FDA approval in 1963.

Indications

  • poliovirus prophylaxis

For poliovirus prophylaxis

Side Effects

  • anaphylactic shock
  • Guillain-Barre syndrome
  • poliomyelitis

Monitoring Parameters

  • laboratory monitoring not necessary

Contraindications

  • breast-feeding
  • corticosteroid therapy
  • diarrhea
  • fever
  • human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
  • hypogammaglobulinemia
  • immunosuppression
  • intramuscular injections
  • leukemia
  • neomycin hypersensitivity
  • neonates
  • neoplastic disease
  • parenteral administration
  • pregnancy
  • radiation therapy
  • respiratory infection
  • streptomycin hypersensitivity
  • thyroid disease
  • viral infection
  • vomiting

Interactions

No information is available regarding drug interactions associated with Poliovirus Vaccine Live Oral OPV

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