Ketamine Brand Name– Ketalar
What is Ketamine
Ketamine is a sedative hypnotic used to provide anesthesia for short diagnostic and surgical procedures, as an inducing agent, as an adjunct to supplement low-potency anesthetics such as nitrous oxide, and as a supplement to local and regional anesthesia.
Ketamine produces an anesthetic state characterized by profound analgesia, normal pharyngeal-laryngeal reflexes, normal or slightly enhanced skeletal muscle tone, cardiovascular and respiratory stimulation, and occasionally transient, minimal respiratory depression.
Ketamine is similar in structure, mechanism of action, and activity to phencyclidine (PCP), but ketamine is much less potent and has a shorter duration of action.
Ketamine has been associated with substance abuse and illicit use, and some abusers report effects superior to those of PCP or LSD.
Slang terms for ketamine include K, Special K, Keets, Green, Jet, Super Acid, and Super C.
Ketamine received FDA approval in 1970.
Ketamine is also widely used in veterinary medicine.
Indications
- acute bronchospasm
- depression
- general anesthesia induction
- general anesthesia maintenance
- moderate pain
- preanesthesia
- procedural sedation
- rapid-sequence intubation
- sedation induction
- sedation maintenance
- severe pain
- status asthmaticus
Side Effects
- amnesia
- anaphylactoid reactions
- anorexia
- anxiety
- apnea
- arrhythmia exacerbation
- bradycardia
- bronchial secretions
- cardiac arrest
- confusion
- cystitis
- delirium
- diabetes insipidus
- diplopia
- dysphoria
- dysuria
- erythema
- excitability
- hallucinations
- hematuria
- hemorrhagic cystitis
- hypersalivation
- hypertension
- hypertonia
- hypotension
- increased intracranial pressure
- increased urinary frequency
- injection site reaction
- insomnia
- involuntary movements
- laryngospasm
- maculopapular rash
- myoclonia
- nausea
- nightmares
- nystagmus
- ocular hypertension
- physiological dependence
- psychological dependence
- psychosis
- respiratory depression
- sinus tachycardia
- tolerance
- urinary incontinence
- urinary urgency
- vomiting
- withdrawal
Monitoring Parameters
- laboratory monitoring not necessary
Contraindications
- alcoholism
- angina
- breast-feeding
- cardiac disease
- children
- coronary artery disease
- dehydration
- driving or operating machinery
- ethanol intoxication
- females
- geriatric
- glaucoma
- head and neck anesthesia
- head trauma
- heart failure
- hypertension
- hypovolemia
- increased intracranial pressure
- increased intraocular pressure
- infants
- intracranial bleeding
- intracranial mass
- intravenous administration
- labor
- myocardial infarction
- neonates
- obstetric delivery
- ocular surgery
- ocular trauma
- pain
- porphyria
- pregnancy
- psychosis
- schizophrenia
- stroke
- substance abuse
- thyrotoxicosis
- vomiting
Interactions
- Acetaminophen; Butalbital
- Acetaminophen; Butalbital; Caffeine
- Acetaminophen; Butalbital; Caffeine; Codeine
- Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Dihydrocodeine
- Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Magnesium Salicylate; Phenyltoloxamine
- Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Phenyltoloxamine; Salicylamide
- Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine
- Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine
- Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Phenylephrine; Phenyltoloxamine
- Acetaminophen; Codeine
- Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Doxylamine
- Acetaminophen; Diphenhydramine
- Acetaminophen; Hydrocodone
- Acetaminophen; Oxycodone
- Acetaminophen; Propoxyphene
- Acetaminophen; Tramadol
- Acrivastine; Pseudoephedrine
- Alfentanil
- Aliskiren
- Aliskiren; Amlodipine
- Aliskiren; Amlodipine; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ
- Aliskiren; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ
- Aliskiren; Valsartan
- Ambrisentan
- Amikacin
- Amiodarone
- Amobarbital
- Amoxapine
- Amphetamine; Dextroamphetamine Salts
- Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
- Apomorphine
- Apraclonidine
- Articaine; Epinephrine
- Aspirin, ASA; Butalbital; Caffeine
- Aspirin, ASA; Butalbital; Caffeine; Codeine
- Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine; Dihydrocodeine
- Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine; Orphenadrine
- Aspirin, ASA; Carisoprodol
- Aspirin, ASA; Carisoprodol; Codeine
- Aspirin, ASA; Oxycodone
- Atropine; Difenoxin
- Atropine; Diphenoxylate
- Atropine; Hyoscyamine; Phenobarbital; Scopolamine
- Azelastine
- Azelastine; Fluticasone
- Bacitracin
- Baclofen
- Barbiturates
- Belladonna Alkaloids; Ergotamine; Phenobarbital
- Belladonna; Opium
- Benzhydrocodone; Acetaminophen
- Benzodiazepines
- Benzphetamine
- Beta-adrenergic blockers
- Brompheniramine
- Brompheniramine; Carbetapentane; Phenylephrine
- Brompheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Guaifenesin
- Brompheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine
- Brompheniramine; Guaifenesin; Hydrocodone
- Brompheniramine; Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine
- Brompheniramine; Pseudoephedrine
- Bupivacaine
- Bupivacaine Liposomal
- Bupivacaine; Lidocaine
- Buprenorphine
- Buprenorphine; Naloxone
- Buspirone
- Butabarbital
- Butorphanol
- Calcium-channel blockers
- Cannabidiol
- Capreomycin
- Capsaicin; Metaxalone
- Carbetapentane; Chlorpheniramine
- Carbetapentane; Chlorpheniramine; Phenylephrine
- Carbetapentane; Diphenhydramine; Phenylephrine
- Carbetapentane; Guaifenesin
- Carbetapentane; Guaifenesin; Phenylephrine
- Carbetapentane; Phenylephrine
- Carbetapentane; Phenylephrine; Pyrilamine
- Carbetapentane; Pseudoephedrine
- Carbetapentane; Pyrilamine
- Carbinoxamine
- Carbinoxamine; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine
- Carbinoxamine; Hydrocodone; Phenylephrine
- Carbinoxamine; Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine
- Carbinoxamine; Phenylephrine
- Carbinoxamine; Pseudoephedrine
- Carisoprodol
- Cenobamate
- Central-acting adrenergic agents
- Cetirizine
- Cetirizine; Pseudoephedrine
- Chlophedianol; Dexbrompheniramine
- Chlophedianol; Dexchlorpheniramine; Pseudoephedrine
- Chlorcyclizine
- Chloroprocaine
- Chlorpheniramine
- Chlorpheniramine; Codeine
- Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan
- Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine
- Chlorpheniramine; Dihydrocodeine; Phenylephrine
- Chlorpheniramine; Dihydrocodeine; Pseudoephedrine
- Chlorpheniramine; Guaifenesin; Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine
- Chlorpheniramine; Hydrocodone
- Chlorpheniramine; Hydrocodone; Phenylephrine
- Chlorpheniramine; Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine
- Chlorpheniramine; Phenylephrine
- Chlorpheniramine; Pseudoephedrine
- Chlorpromazine
- Chlorzoxazone
- Cholinesterase inhibitors
- Clemastine
- Clobazam
- Clozapine
- Codeine
- Codeine; Guaifenesin
- Codeine; Phenylephrine; Promethazine
- Codeine; Promethazine
- COMT inhibitors
- Cyclizine
- Cyproheptadine
- Dantrolene
- Dasabuvir; Ombitasvir; Paritaprevir; Ritonavir
- Dexchlorpheniramine
- Dexchlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine
- Dexmedetomidine
- Dextromethorphan; Diphenhydramine; Phenylephrine
- Dihydrocodeine; Guaifenesin; Pseudoephedrine
- Dimenhydrinate
- Diphenhydramine
- Diphenhydramine; Hydrocodone; Phenylephrine
- Diphenhydramine; Ibuprofen
- Diphenhydramine; Naproxen
- Diphenhydramine; Phenylephrine
- Donepezil; Memantine
- Doxazosin
- Doxylamine
- Doxylamine; Pyridoxine
- Dronabinol
- Droperidol
- Dyphylline
- Dyphylline; Guaifenesin
- Ephedrine
- Epinephrine
- Eplerenone
- Epoprostenol
- Esketamine
- Eszopiclone
- Ethanol
- Fenfluramine
- Fentanyl
- Gabapentin
- Gentamicin
- Guaifenesin; Hydrocodone
- Guaifenesin; Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine
- Haloperidol
- Homatropine; Hydrocodone
- Hydrocodone
- Hydrocodone; Ibuprofen
- Hydrocodone; Phenylephrine
- Hydrocodone; Potassium Guaiacolsulfonate
- Hydrocodone; Potassium Guaiacolsulfonate; Pseudoephedrine
- Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine
- Hydromorphone
- Hydroxyzine
- Ibuprofen; Oxycodone
- Iloprost
- Ionic Contrast Media
- Isoproterenol
- Kanamycin
- Lasmiditan
- Lemborexant
- Levocetirizine
- Levomethadyl
- Levorphanol
- Levothyroxine
- Levothyroxine; Liothyronine (Porcine)
- Levothyroxine; Liothyronine (Synthetic)
- Lidocaine; Prilocaine
- Liothyronine
- Lisdexamfetamine
- Lofexidine
- Loop diuretics
- Lopinavir; Ritonavir
- Loxapine
- Lumateperone
- Magnesium Salts
- Maprotiline
- Mecamylamine
- Meclizine
- Memantine
- Meperidine
- Meperidine; Promethazine
- Mephobarbital
- Meprobamate
- Mesoridazine
- Metaxalone
- Methadone
- Methamphetamine
- Methocarbamol
- Methohexital
- Minocycline
- Mirtazapine
- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
- Morphine
- Morphine; Naltrexone
- Nabilone
- Nalbuphine
- Nesiritide, BNP
- Norepinephrine
- Ombitasvir; Paritaprevir; Ritonavir
- Orphenadrine
- Oxycodone
- Oxymorphone
- Oxytocin
- Papaverine
- Pentobarbital
- Phenobarbital
- Phenoxybenzamine
- Polymyxin B
- Polymyxins
- Potassium-sparing diuretics
- Prazosin
- Pregabalin
- Prilocaine
- Prilocaine; Epinephrine
- Primidone
- Procaine
- Procarbazine
- Prochlorperazine
- Propoxyphene
- Rasagiline
- Remifentanil
- Reserpine
- Ritodrine
- Ritonavir
- Secobarbital
- Sedating H1-blockers
- Selegiline
- Sodium Oxybate
- Sotalol
- St. John’s Wort, Hypericum perforatum
- Streptomycin
- Sufentanil
- Suvorexant
- Tapentadol
- Terazosin
- Tetracaine
- Theophylline, Aminophylline
- Thiazide diuretics
- Thiopental
- Thioridazine
- Thiothixene
- Thyroid hormones
- Tobramycin
- Tramadol
- Treprostinil
- Tricyclic antidepressants
- Triprolidine
- Trovafloxacin, Alatrofloxacin
- Vancomycin
- Vasodilators
- Zaleplon
- Zolpidem
