What is meant by autoregulation? Autoregulation is the concept by which blood flow remains relatively constant via the response of arterioles and venules to changes in perfusion. A steep gradient of pressure exists between the artery and proximal portion of the arteriole. If there is a decrease in arterial perfusion or an increase in oxygen demand …
Gross anatomy of the mesenteric vascular system Three major arteries and two major veins compose the mesenteric circulation. Arteries Veins • Celiac artery• Superior mesenteric artery (SMA)• Inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) • Superior mesenteric vein (SMV)• Inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) The connection of major arteries and veins via capillaries, arterioles, and venules is known as the splanchnic circulation. The celiac artery …
Ischemic bowel disease Ischemic bowel disease is caused by tissue hypoxia and ischemic injury of the small or large intestine as a result of a persistent decrease in mesenteric blood flow, decreased oxygen content of red blood cells, or mesenteric venous stasis. Ischemic bowel disease can manifest in numerous ways, such as acute or chronic …
Have probiotics been shown to benefit the treatment of GI disorders? Yes. Disease State Probiotic Irritable bowel disease Bifidobacter, VSL#3 * Ulcerative colitis VSL#3 * Traveler’s diarrhea Lactobacillus, VSL#3 * Antibiotic-related diarrhea Nonpathologic E. coli sero O6:K5:H1 Nissle 1917 Relapsing Clostridium difficile diarrhea Saccharomyces boulardii Recurrent pouchitis VSL#3 * * VSL#3 is a concentration of eight strains of bacteria.
How are probiotics believed to exert beneficial effect on the gut? • Immune actions • Decrease tumor necrosis factor and interferon • Induce T reg cells • Induce T-cell apoptosis • Dendritic cell modulation • Antimicrobial activity • Limited adhesion • Stimulated increased immunoglobulin A • Reduced chloride secretion • Enhanced barrier integrity • Increase mucus secretion (increase in interleukins 10 and 12) • Enhance tight junctions
What are some of the common probiotics? Probiotics are generally derived from four bacterial species: Lactobacillus, Bifidobacter, Streptococcus, and Escherichia coli Common Probiotics Lactobacillus (Lab) Bifidobacteria Streptococcus Escherichia Coli L. acidophilus B. bifidum S. thermophilus Nissle 1917 L. casei GG B. infantis S. lactis Serotype L. rhamnosus B. longum S. salivarius 06:K5:H1 L. salivarius B. thermophilum L. delbrueckii …
Is there a link between gut microbiotica and obesity? Yes. Intestinal microbiotica of obese (ob/ob) mice were examined and compared with wild-type (WT/WT) mice; it was found that ob/ob animals have a 50% reduction in the abundance of Bacteroidetes and a proportional increase in Firmicutes species that are more efficient in extracting calories from otherwise nondigestible polysaccharides in our diet and …