Common causes of urolithiasis in children • Metabolic abnormalities (hypercalciuria, hypocitraturia, hyperoxaluria, cystinuria, and hyperuricosuria). • Intestinal malabsorption (Crohn’s disease, bowel resection, and cystic fibrosis). • Urinary tract abnormalities causing functional or anatomic obstruction. • UTIs. • Diuretics.
Which conditions cause echogenic renal pyramids in infants? • Nephrocalcinosis (owing to renal tubular acidosis, hypercalcemia, or furosemide therapy). • Renal tubular ectasia (ARPCKD). • Stasis nephropathy/Tamm-Horsfall protein deposition (transient phenomenon).
Ultrasound appearance of the neonatal kidney Normal sonographic appearance of the neonatal kidney In normal term neonates, cortical echogenicity is equal to the hepatic or splenic parenchymal echogenicity, presumably due to the increased volume of glomeruli and greater amount of cellular components in the renal cortices as compared to adults. The normal neonatal kidney also …
Hereditary syndromes associated with renal cysts • Tuberous sclerosis. • von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. • Zellweger (cerebrohepatorenal) syndrome. • Jeune syndrome (thoracic asphyxiating dystrophy). • Meckel-Gruber syndrome.
What imaging findings may help distinguish ADPCKD from ARPCKD in an infant or young child? The renal US appearance of ADPCKD and ARPCKD can be quite similar. The kidneys are often large and echogenic with each syndrome. Careful inspection with US can occasionally detect tubular ectasia in echogenic renal pyramids, which is typical of ARPCKD. …
Does adult-type ADPCKD occur in infants and young children? ADPCKD has been recognized on US prenatally and postnatally. The appearance can closely mimic ARPCKD, in which both kidneys can appear large and echogenic. Small, sonographically resolvable cysts can be seen in either syndrome in the newborn period. More commonly, ADPCKD is suspected if US reveals …
Does adult-type ADPCKD occur in infants and young children Read More »
Genetic forms of cystic renal disease • Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPCKD). • Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPCKD). • Glomerulocystic kidney disease. • Congenital nephrosis. • Cystic kidney disease associated with syndromes (e.g., tuberous sclerosis).