Health

What is the sonographic appearance of adrenal hemorrhage in the neonate, and how can adrenal hemorrhage be differentiated from adrenal neuroblastoma? Adrenal hemorrhage initially appears as a solid-appearing mass. On serial imaging, adrenal hemorrhage generally decreases in size and changes in appearance from solid to cystic, usually resolving completely over time. If over time, the …

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How is pelvic Ultrasound used in the evaluation of a child with precocious puberty? Uterine and ovarian volumes are larger than normal in true isosexual precocious puberty, whereas enlargement of only the ovary has been reported with pseudosexual precocity. True isosexual precocity is due to the premature activation of the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, whereas …

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What is Mayer Rokitansky Küster Hauser syndrome? Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome refers to vaginal atresia with other variable müllerian duct abnormalities such as a bicornuate or septate uterus. The fallopian tubes, ovaries, and broad ligaments are normal. Associated unilateral renal and skeletal anomalies are present in 50% and 12% of cases, respectively.

Nephroblastomatosis Nephroblastomatosis refers to multiple or diffuse rests of nephrogenic tissue. They are persistent embryonal remnants in the kidney that are apparent precursors to Wilms tumor. The involved kidneys are typically enlarged and have a lobulated configuration. US, CT, and MRI can be used to identify and monitor nephroblastomatosis. The following are several conditions in …

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Role of imaging in infants with ambiguous genitalia Evaluation is indicated when the testes cannot be palpated and when there is severe hypospadias, incomplete scrotal fusion, fused labia, a micropenis, or clitoral enlargement. These conditions can be classified as true hermaphroditism, female pseudohermaphroditism, male pseudohermaphroditism, and gonadal dysgenesis, depending on further clinical, laboratory, and surgical …

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What is the twinkling artifact? The twinkling artifact appears as a focus of rapidly alternating color Doppler signal observed when insonating irregular reflective surfaces, such as renal calculi. This color Doppler artifact is often helpful in confirming an echogenic focus in the kidney as representing a renal calculus.

Most common solid renal mass in infants The most common solid renal mass in infants is fetal renal hamartoma, also known as mesoblastic nephroma. Infants usually present with a palpable renal mass. Hematuria, hypertension, and hypercalcemia may also be present. The tumor is composed of monotonous sheets of spindle-shaped cells and usually occupies most of …

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