What are the risk factors for transformation from episodic to chronic migraine?
Risk factors for transformation includes
- medication overuse (especially opiates and barbiturate combinations)
- high caffeine consumption
- female gender
- stressful life events
- anxiety
- depression
- baseline high-attack frequency
- individuals with lower educational and socioeconomic levels
- lifetime injuries to the head or neck
- obesity
- snoring
- arthritis,
- presence of cutaneous allodynia
