What are the major risk factors for the development of osteoporosis
| Nonmodifiable | Modifiable |
|---|---|
| Advanced age | Low calcium intake |
| Race (Caucasian, Asian) | Low vitamin D intake |
| Female sex | Estrogen deficiency |
| Early menopause | Sedentary lifestyle |
| Slender build (<127 lb) | Cigarette smoking |
| Positive family history (hip fx) | Alcohol excess (>2 drinks/day) Caffeine excess (>2 servings/day) |
