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How is myoclonus classified?
Myoclonus may be classified by etiology, pathophysiology, and distribution
Classification of Myoclonus
| Physiologic Myoclonus |
| Anxiety |
| Benign infantile myoclonus with feeding |
| Exercise |
| Hiccup |
| Nocturnal myoclonus |
| Essential Myoclonus |
| Autosomal dominant |
| Sporadic |
| Epileptic Myoclonus |
| Benign familial myoclonic epilepsy |
| Childhood myoclonic epilepsies |
| Infantile myoclonic encephalopathy |
| Cryptogenic myoclonus epilepsy |
| Infantile spasms |
| Juvenile myoclonus epilepsy |
| Myoclonic astatic epilepsy |
| Epilepsia partialis continua |
| Myoclonic absences in petit mal |
| Photosensitive myoclonus |
| Progressive myoclonus epilepsy |
| Symptomatic Myoclonus |
| Corticobasal degeneration |
| Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation |
| Huntington’s disease |
| Myoclonic dystonia |
| Parkinson’s disease |
| Progressive supranuclear palsy |
| Dementias |
| Alzheimer’s disease |
| Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease |
| Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome |
| Focal lesions |
| Dentato-olivary lesions |
| Stroke |
| Thalamotomy |
| Trauma (central nervous system or peripheral nervous system) |
| Tumor |
| Metabolic and toxic encephalopathies |
| Biotin deficiency |
| Bismuth |
| Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane |
| Drugs, including levodopa |
| Dialysis syndrome |
| Heavy metal poisoning |
| Hepatic failure |
| Hypoglycemia |
| Hyponatremia |
| Methyl bromide |
| Mitochondrial encephalopathy |
| Multiple carboxylase deficiency |
| Nonketotic hyperglycemia |
| Physical encephalopathies |
| Decompression injury |
| Electric shock |
| Heat stroke |
| Post hypoxia |
| Spinocerebellar degeneration |
| Storage disease |
| Ceroid lipofuscinosis |
| Lafora body disease |
| GM1-gangliosidosis |
| GM2-gangliosidosis |
| Krabbe’s disease |
| Tay–Sachs disease |
| Viral encephalopathies |
| Arbor virus encephalitis |
| Herpes simplex encephalitis |
| Postinfectious encephalitis |
| Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis |
| Pathophysiology |
| Clinical Presentation |
| Spontaneous |
| Action |
| Reflex |
| Distribution |
| Focal |
| Segmental |
| Multifocal |
| Axial |
| Generalized |
| Neurophysiologic origin |
| Cortical |
| Subcortical |
| Brain stem |
| Hyperekplexia |
| Brain stem reticular myoclonus |
| Palatal myoclonus |
| Spinal |
| Propriospinal |
| Etiology |
| Physiologic |
| Essential |
| Symptomatic |
Sources
- Jankovic J, Clarence-Smith K: Tetrabenazine for the treatment of chorea and other hyperkinetic movement disorders. Expert Rev Neurother 11:1509-1523, 2011.
- Waln O, Jankovic J: An update on tardive dyskinesia: from phenomenology to treatment. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 3, 2013.
- Baizabal-Carvallo JF, Jankovic J: The clinical features of psychogenic movement disorders resembling tics. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 85(5):573-575, 2014.
- Kojovic M, Cordivari C, Bhatia K: Myoclonic disorders: a practical approach for diagnosis and treatment. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 4(1):47-62, 2011.
- Baizabal-Carvallo JF, Cardoso F, Jankovic J: Myorhythmia: phenomenology, etiology, and treatment. Mov Disord 30(2):171-179, 2015.
