Features of uremic encephalopathy

What are the features of uremic encephalopathy? 

Patients with uremia often develop a metabolic encephalopathy.

The mechanisms responsible for this encephalopathy remain unclear but presumably involve the retention of inorganic and organic acids, fluid alterations among cerebral cellular compartments, and abnormalities caused by hypertension, hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia, hypernatremia, hyperphosphatemia, and hypochloremia.

Uremic encephalopathy is unusual because of the coexistence of signs of neuronal depression (lethargy, coma) with those of neuronal excitation (agitation, muscle cramps, myoclonus, tetany, asterixis, and seizures).

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