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What are eczema and Atopic Dermatitis?
Eczema is a broad term for a group of skin conditions that cause skin to become rough and inflamed. Each type of eczema has different triggers, symptoms, and treatments. Eczema of any type is usually itchy and symptoms range from mild to severe.
Eczema and its symptoms are not spread from person to person (are not contagious). It can appear on different parts of the body at different times. Your eczema may not look the same as someone else’s eczema.
The most common type of eczema is called atopic dermatitis, which is an allergic reaction. Eczema is often very itchy and when you scratch it, the skin becomes red and inflamed. Eczema affects adults and children, but it is most common in babies.
What are the types of eczema?
- Atopic dermatitis
- Contact dermatitis
- Dyshidrotic eczema
- Hand eczema
- Lichen simplex chronicus
- Nummular eczema
- Seborrheic dermatitis
- Stasis dermatitis
What is Atopic dermatitis
This is a long-term (chronic) skin disease that keeps coming back (recurring). Usual symptoms are dry skin and small, solid pimples that may swell and leak fluid (weep).
What is Contact dermatitis
This happens when something irritates the skin and causes a rash. The irritation can come from substances that you are allergic to (allergens), such as poison ivy, chemicals, or medicines that were applied to your skin.
What is Dyshidrotic eczema
This is a form of eczema on the hands and feet. It shows up as very itchy, fluid-filled blisters. It can affect people of any age, but is more common before age 40.
What is Hand eczema
This causes very itchy areas of skin on the palms and sides of the hands and fingers. This type of eczema is common in industrial jobs where you may be exposed to many different types of irritants.
What is Lichen simplex chronicus
This type of eczema occurs when a person constantly scratches one area of the body. Repeated scratching of the area leads to thickened skin (lichenification). Lichen simplex chronicus can occur along with other types of eczema. It is more common in adults, but may be seen in children as well.
What is Nummular eczema
This is a common type of eczema. It has no known cause. It typically causes a red, circular, crusty lesion (plaque) that may be itchy. Scratching may become a habit and can cause bleeding. Nummular eczema occurs most often in people of middle-age or older. It most often affects the hands.
What is Seborrheic dermatitis
This is a common skin disease that mainly affects the scalp. It may also affect any oily areas of the body, such as the face, sides of nose, eyebrows, ears, eyelids, and chest. It is marked by small scaling and redness of the skin (erythema). This can affect people of all ages. In infants, this condition is known as “cradle cap.”
What is Stasis dermatitis
This is a common skin disease that usually appears on the legs and feet. It most often occurs in people who have a condition that prevents blood from being pumped through the veins in the legs (chronic venous insufficiency). Stasis dermatitis is a chronic condition that needs long-term management.
Info about atopic dermatitis?
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic skin condition. “Atopic” describes an inherited tendency to develop dermatitis, asthma and hay fever. “Dermatitis” means that the skin is red and itchy.
When does atopic dermatitis start and how long does it last?
Atopic dermatitis usually starts during infancy and continues into childhood. There are times when the condition gets worse (called flare-ups). Flare-ups are followed by times when the skin will heal and there may be no signs of atopic dermatitis (called remission).
Remission can last for weeks, months or even years. Some children will outgrow atopic dermatitis, and others will still have it when they are adults. Flare-ups in adults tend to be less severe.
What are the symptoms?
Atopic dermatitis and eczema may start out as dry, extremely itchy skin. The rash may become very red, swollen and sore. The more you scratch it, the worse it generally gets. A clear fluid may leak from the rash. Eventually, the rash will crust over and start to scale. Common places for the rash are in the elbow creases, behind the knees, on the cheeks, and on the buttocks.
Causes & Risk Factors
What causes eczema and atopic dermatitis?
You are more likely to have atopic dermatitis or eczema if a family member has it. They aren’t contagious, which means you can’t catch them from other people. The exact cause of eczema and atopic dermatitis is unknown.
How is eczema diagnosed?
Your health care provider will examine your skin and review your medical history. He or she may also give you skin patch tests. These tests involve taking patches that contain possible allergens and placing them on your back. He or she will then check in a few days to see if an allergic reaction occurred.
Treatment
What can I do if I have eczema or atopic dermatitis?
Treatment for eczema is based on the type of eczema you have. Hydrocortisone steroid medicine can relieve itching quickly and help reduce inflammation. This medicine may be prescribed or obtained over-the-counter, depending on the strength of the medicine that is needed.
Your doctor may prescribe a corticosteroid cream or ointment to apply to the rash. This will help reduce itching and calm inflammation. Use it right after bathing.
Follow your doctor’s directions for using this medicine or check the label for proper use. Call your doctor if your skin does not get better after 3 weeks of using the medicine.
Antihistamines like hydroxyzine that reduce itching can also help make it easier not to scratch. A new class of drugs, called immunomodulators, works well if you have a severe rash.
Two drugs in this class are tacrolimus and pimecrolimus. These drugs keep your immune system from overreacting when stimulated by an allergen. Because they affect your immune system, the Food and Drug Administration recommends that these drugs only be used when other treatments won’t work.
Avoid scratching or rubbing the itchy area.
Try not to scratch the irritated area on your skin even if it itches. Scratching can break the skin. Bacteria can enter these breaks and cause infection. Moisturizing your skin will help prevent itchiness.
Prevention
What can I do about eczema and atopic dermatitis?
Eczema and atopic dermatitis can’t be cured, but they can be managed, and you can learn to avoid the things that trigger them.
Limit your contact with things that can irritate your skin.
Some things that may irritate your skin include household cleansers, detergents, aftershave lotions, soap, gasoline, turpentine and other solvents. Try to avoid contact with things that make you break out with eczema.
Soaps and wetness can cause skin irritation. Wash your hands only when necessary and use a mild unscented soap such as Dove, Basis or Oil of Olay, especially if you have eczema on your hands. Dry your hands completely after you wash them.
Wear gloves to protect the skin on your hands.
Wear vinyl or plastic gloves for work that requires you to have your hands in water. Also, wear gloves when your hands will be exposed to anything that can irritate your skin.
Wear cotton gloves under plastic gloves to soak up sweat from your hands. Take occasional breaks and remove your gloves to prevent a buildup of sweat inside your gloves.
Wear gloves when you go outside during the winter. Cold air and low humidity can dry your skin, and dryness can make your eczema worse.
Wear clothes made of cotton or a cotton blend.
Wool and some synthetic fabrics can irritate your skin.
Care for your skin in the bath or shower.
Bathe only with a mild unscented soap, such as Dove, Basis or Oil of Olay. Use a small amount of soap. Keep the water temperature cool or warm, not hot.
Soaking in the tub for a short time can be good for your skin because the skin’s outer layer can absorb water and become less dry. Soak for 15 to 20 minutes. Then use a soft towel to pat your skin dry without rubbing. Immediately after drying, apply a moisturizer to your skin. This helps seal in the moisture.
Use a moisturizer on your skin every day.
Moisturizers help keep your skin soft and flexible. They prevent skin cracks. A plain moisturizer is best. Avoid moisturizers with fragrances (perfume) and a lot of extra ingredients.
A good, cheap moisturizer is plain petroleum jelly (such as Vaseline). Use moisturizers that are more greasy than creamy, because creams usually have more preservatives in them.
Regular use of a moisturizer can help prevent the dry skin that is common in winter.
Avoid getting too hot and sweaty.
Too much heat and sweat can make your skin more irritated and itchy. Try to avoid activities that make you hot and sweaty.
Learn how to manage stress in your life.
Eczema can flare up when you are under stress. Learn how to recognize and cope with stress. Stress reduction techniques can help. Changing your activities to reduce daily stress can also be helpful.
Continue skin care even after your skin has healed.
The area where you had the eczema may easily get irritated again, so it needs special care. Continue to follow the tips in this handout even after your skin has healed.
Follow these instructions at home:
- Take over-the-counter and prescription medicines only as told by your health care provider.
- Use creams or ointments to moisturize your skin. Do not use lotions.
- Learn what triggers or irritates your symptoms. Avoid these things.
- Treat symptom flare-ups quickly.
- Do not itch your skin. This can make your rash worse.
- Keep all follow-up visits as told by your health care provider. This is important.
Questions to Ask Your Doctor
- What treatment is best for me?
- Should I use a steroid cream or ointment?
- What are the side effects from the steroid cream or ointment?
- Do I need to take any other medicines?
- What is the best way to prevent flare-ups from eczema and atopic dermatitis?
- Is there a certain type of soap I should use?
- My child has eczema. What kind of moisturizer is best for him/her?
- How can I keep my child from scratching the rash?
- I have eczema. Will my children have it?
- How should I care for the rash if I have a flare-up?
Contact a health care provider if:
- You have serious itching, even with treatment.
- You regularly scratch your skin until it bleeds.
- Your rash looks different than usual.
- Your skin is painful, swollen, or more red than usual.
- You have a fever.
Summary
- There are eight general types of eczema. Each type has different triggers.
- Eczema of any type causes itching that may range from mild to severe.
- Treatment varies based on the type of eczema you have. Hydrocortisone steroid medicine can help with itching and inflammation.
- Protecting your skin is the best way to prevent eczema. Use moisturizers and lotions. Avoid triggers and irritants, and treat flare-ups quickly.
Seek Additional Information
- The American Academy of Dermatology: https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/eczema/childhood/treating/be-cured
- The National Eczema Association: https://nationaleczema.org/eczema/causes-and-triggers-of-eczema/
