Which conditions are associated with secondary RP?
Conditions associated with secondary RP may be grouped into seven broad categories: (1) systemic, (2) traumatic injury, (3) drugs or chemicals, (4) occlusive arterial disease, (5) hyperviscosity syndromes, (6) endocrine disorders, and (7) miscellaneous causes
Causes of Secondary Raynauds Phenomenon
| Category | Condition |
|---|---|
| Systemic rheumatic disorder | Systemic sclerosis, mixed connective tissue disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis/polymyositis, Sjögren’s syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, Buerger’s disease, vasculitis, chronic active hepatitis, primary pulmonary hypertension |
| Traumatic | Rock drillers, lumberjacks, grinders, riveters, and pneumatic hammer operators (vibrational injury). Frostbite. Carpal tunnel syndrome. Pressure from crutches. Hypothenar hammer syndrome (limited to ulnar artery distribution) |
| Drugs or chemicals | Beta-blockers a , bleomycin b , cisplatin b , vinblastine b , 5-fluorouracil, ergots, methysergide, bromocriptine, clonidine, cocaine, amphetamines, central nervous system stimulants (methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine), interferon-alpha, vinyl chloride |
| Occlusive arterial disease | Postembolic/thrombotic arterial occlusion, thoracic outlet syndrome |
| Hyperviscosity diseases | Polycythemia, cryoglobulinemia, paraproteinemia, thrombocytosis, leukemia, cold agglutinins, cryofibrinogen |
| Endocrine disorders | Carcinoid, pheochromocytoma, hypothyroidism |
| Miscellaneous | Infections (bacterial endocarditis, Lyme borreliosis, infectious mononucleosis, viral hepatitis), complex regional pain syndrome, peripheral arteriovenous fistula, carcinoma (ovarian, angiocentric lymphoma) |
a 7% estimated prevalence of Raynaud’s phenomenon as a consequence of medication use.
b Commonly implicated chemotherapeutic medications; 20% to 30% estimated prevalence of Raynaud’s phenomenon.
