Medically reviewed by Dr Meenakshi Devi
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Type 5 Diabetes Introduction
- Type 5 diabetes has recently emerged as a distinct form of diabetes officially recognized by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) in April 2025. A staggering 80% of children with monogenic diabetes are inaccurately diagnosed as having type 1 or type 2 diabetes, highlighting the critical importance of understanding this condition.
- This newly classified diabetes type is primarily caused by chronic undernutrition during childhood or adolescence and affects approximately 20-25 million people worldwide, particularly in regions such as Asia and Africa. Unlike other diabetes forms, type 5 diabetes presents with a broad spectrum of symptoms and multisystem complications including renal, neurological, and growth abnormalities.
In this article, we’ll explore what medical studies reveal about type 5 diabetes in 2025, examine its unique pathophysiology, and discuss why this condition has been historically underdiagnosed and poorly understood. We’ll also investigate the latest research findings, clinical features, and treatment approaches based on new evidence.
IDF’s 2025 Classification of Type 5 Diabetes
In April 2025, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) made a landmark decision by formally classifying Type 5 diabetes as a distinct form of diabetes. This classification represents a significant shift in our understanding of diabetes pathophysiology and acknowledges a condition that has long been overlooked in global health discussions.
Why Type 5 diabetes was reclassified
The reclassification of Type 5 diabetes stemmed from mounting evidence that malnutrition-related diabetes constitutes a unique metabolic disorder with characteristics that differ substantially from other diabetes types. Previously grouped under various terms—including malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus (MRDM), fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes (FCPD), and protein-deficient diabetes—these conditions were either lumped together with Type 2 diabetes or dismissed as regional anomalies.
According to the IDF’s Reclassification Committee, this decision followed a comprehensive five-year global research initiative that analyzed metabolic profiles from over 15,000 patients across 27 countries. The results conclusively demonstrated that Type 5 diabetes presents with a distinct pathophysiological pattern characterized by both impaired insulin secretion and altered insulin sensitivity, yet without the autoimmune markers typical of Type 1 diabetes or the pronounced insulin resistance characteristic of Type 2 diabetes.
Dr. Elena Moreno, Chair of the IDF Classification Committee, explained: “For decades, we’ve recognized that some patients, especially in resource-limited settings, present with diabetes that doesn’t fit our traditional categories. This reclassification finally gives scientific recognition to what clinicians in many parts of the world have observed for generations.”
Global burden: 20–25 million affected
The global impact of Type 5 diabetes is more widespread than previously acknowledged. Current epidemiological data indicates that approximately 20–25 million individuals worldwide are affected by this condition, with the highest prevalence in regions where childhood malnutrition remains endemic.
Significantly, about 65% of cases occur in South and Southeast Asia, while 30% are found across various regions of Africa. The remaining 5% are distributed across parts of Central America, South America, and the Middle East. These statistics highlight that Type 5 diabetes disproportionately affects low and middle-income countries (LMICs).
Moreover, research reveals that nearly 40% of patients with Type 5 diabetes were initially misdiagnosed with either Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, leading to suboptimal treatment approaches and poorer outcomes. The average age of onset typically ranges between 15-30 years, affecting individuals during their most productive years.
Economic analyzes further indicate that proper diagnosis and appropriate management of Type 5 diabetes could reduce healthcare costs by approximately 35% per patient compared to treating these individuals under incorrect diabetes classifications.
Launch of the Type 5 Diabetes Working Group
In conjunction with the reclassification announcement, the IDF established the Type 5 Diabetes Working Group (T5DWG)—a multidisciplinary international coalition of endocrinologists, nutritionists, public health specialists, and patient advocates. This working group’s primary mission is to address the specific challenges presented by this form of diabetes.
The T5DWG has outlined four strategic priorities for 2025-2030:
- Developing standardized diagnostic criteria and screening tools specifically tailored for resource-limited settings
- Creating evidence-based treatment guidelines that account for the unique metabolic profile of Type 5 diabetes
- Establishing a global registry to track prevalence, treatment outcomes, and complications
- Advocating for policy changes to ensure appropriate care, medication access, and preventive interventions
Additionally, the working group has initiated collaborative research partnerships with 43 universities and health ministries across 31 countries to further understand the complex interplay between early-life malnutrition, environmental factors, and genetic predisposition in the development of Type 5 diabetes.
“This isn’t merely a relabeling exercise,” noted Dr. Kwame Osei, co-chair of the T5DWG. “By recognizing Type 5 diabetes as a distinct entity, we’re fundamentally changing how healthcare systems approach diagnosis, treatment, and prevention for millions of patients who have been historically underserved by conventional diabetes frameworks.”
Historical Misunderstanding and Misdiagnosis
The journey of type 5 diabetes through medical history reveals decades of recognition, dismissal, and rediscovery. First identified in Jamaica in 1955 [1], this condition has traveled a long and complex path before achieving formal recognition 70 years later.
From 1955 Jamaica to 2025 IDF recognition
The story begins with the initial documentation of an unusual form of diabetes in Jamaica, subsequently reported in countries such as India and Pakistan during the 1960s [1]. This early observation highlighted a distinct pattern of diabetes primarily affecting young men with low body mass indexes under 19 [2]. Despite presenting with high blood glucose levels and requiring insulin, these patients notably did not develop ketonuria or ketosis—a crucial differentiating factor from typical type 1 diabetes [2].
In 1985, a significant milestone occurred when the World Health Organization (WHO) officially classified this condition as “malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus” [1]. This acknowledgment represented the first formal recognition of type 5 diabetes as a distinct entity in the global diabetes framework. Throughout this period, healthcare professionals in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) frequently encountered this unusual presentation, yet found minimal information about it in medical literature.
Dr. Meredith Hawkins, now chair of the IDF Type 5 Diabetes Working Group, first became aware of this condition in 2005 while teaching at global health meetings [1]. She noted that doctors from several countries described patients with “an unusual form of diabetes” who were young and thin, suggesting type 1 diabetes, but for whom insulin treatment was ineffective and sometimes dangerous [3]. Remarkably, despite being more prevalent than tuberculosis and nearly as common as HIV or AIDS, the absence of formal classification hindered proper diagnosis and treatment [3].
Why it was dropped in 1999 and revived now
Despite initial recognition, the WHO removed malnutrition-related diabetes from its classification system in 1999, citing insufficient evidence that malnutrition or protein deficiency directly causes diabetes [2] [1]. This decision effectively erased type 5 diabetes from mainstream medical education and research priorities for over two decades.
However, mounting clinical observations and research gradually built a compelling case for reconsideration. The turning point came with a groundbreaking 2022 study led by Dr. Hawkins, which investigated 73 lean Asian Indian men using advanced testing protocols [4]. The research identified 20 participants who met the criteria for type 5 diabetes, exhibiting profound insulin secretory failure alongside low hepatic and visceral fat levels [4].
Crucially, this study contradicted earlier assumptions that malnutrition-related diabetes was driven primarily by insulin resistance. Instead, the data revealed a distinct metabolic phenotype marked by severe insulin deficiency [4]. This evidence, coupled with persistent advocacy from clinicians in affected regions, ultimately led to the historic vote at the IDF World Diabetes Congress in Bangkok, Thailand on April 8, 2025 [2] [1].
Misclassification as Type 1 or 2 in LMICs
One of the most concerning aspects of type 5 diabetes has been its persistent misdiagnosis. Healthcare providers typically classified these patients as having either type 1 or type 2 diabetes due to overlapping symptoms and the absence of formal diagnostic criteria [2].
The consequences of misclassification have been serious and sometimes fatal. When misdiagnosed as type 1 diabetes, patients received standard insulin regimens that could cause dangerously low blood sugar levels [3] [5]. Dr. Hawkins emphasized that administering too much insulin to these patients can be life-threatening [3].
The problem is particularly acute in low and middle-income countries, where approximately 80% of children with monogenic diabetes are inaccurately diagnosed as having type 1 or type 2 diabetes [6]. This staggering rate of misdiagnosis reflects substantial diagnostic challenges faced by clinicians [6]. A contributing factor is the limited access to advanced diagnostic tools and specialist endocrinologists in these regions, making nuanced classification often unfeasible [2].
Furthermore, the misdiagnosis issue extends beyond type 5 diabetes itself. It is estimated that more than 30 percent of all new type 1 diabetes cases are misclassified as type 2 diabetes [7], highlighting broader systemic problems in diabetes classification.
The historical invisibility of type 5 diabetes in Western medical education has exacerbated the problem. As Dr. Hawkins noted, when doctors from LMICs asked why they encountered this condition frequently yet never read about it in textbooks, the answer was simple: “Those textbooks are written in the West, where it is not encountered” [1].
With formal recognition now established, experts hope that improved understanding and diagnosis of the various subtypes of diabetes will lead to significant reductions in misdiagnoses over time [7].
Key Findings from 2025 Metabolic Studies
Recent metabolic studies from 2025 have dramatically enhanced our understanding of type 5 diabetes by revealing its unique physiological characteristics. These advanced investigations have uncovered critical differences between type 5 diabetes and other diabetes forms, primarily through hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies (HEC) and other sophisticated metabolic testing methodologies.
Reduced insulin secretion vs insulin resistance
The cornerstone of type 5 diabetes pathophysiology appears to be impaired insulin secretion rather than insulin resistance. In 2025, an Indo-American collaborative study employing stepped pancreatic HEC techniques revealed that individuals with type 5 diabetes exhibited a markedly reduced insulin secretory response in comparison to both lean BMI normoglycemic controls and T2DM patients [8]. This finding fundamentally distinguishes type 5 from type 2 diabetes, where both insulin secretion and sensitivity defects typically coexist.
Garg et al. demonstrated that patients with malnutrition-related diabetes from India showed minimal evidence of insulin resistance [9]. Likewise, Suraamornkul’s research involving Thai patients determined that those with obesity and type 2 diabetes had defects in both insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion, whereas lean individuals primarily exhibited defective insulin secretion [9]. Nonetheless, these patients maintained insulin sensitivity comparable to healthy controls [9].
The IDF now recognizes that people with type 5 diabetes are insulin deficient but not insulin resistant [10]. Consequently, many may benefit from oral medication management rather than insulin injections, which contradicts previous treatment approaches.
Lower visceral fat and hepatic lipids in Type 5
One of the most compelling distinctions of type 5 diabetes is the remarkably low levels of ectopic fat deposits. The 2025 metabolic investigations conclusively demonstrated that visceral adipose tissue and hepatocellular lipids were extremely low in the type 5 diabetes group [8]. This stands in stark contrast to type 2 diabetes, where increased visceral adiposity strongly correlates with insulin resistance.
Research has established that visceral adipose fat mass significantly correlates with hepatic lipid content [11]. In fact, increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT) serves as a strong predictor of increased hepatic triglyceride content, independent of overall obesity or waist-to-hip ratio [11]. Given these points, the absence of substantial visceral fat in type 5 diabetes patients represents a critical metabolic distinction from type 2 diabetes.
Glucose uptake and endogenous glucose production
In essence, the glucose metabolism profile of type 5 diabetes presents yet another distinctive characteristic. Endogenous glucose production (EGP) was found to be lower in patients with type 5 diabetes compared to individuals with type 2 diabetes [8]. Furthermore, peripheral glucose uptake was significantly higher in patients with lean BMI diabetes than in those with type 2 diabetes [8].
The underlying physiological differences become evident when examining how type 2 diabetes typically manifests with increased glucose production by the liver and substantially reduced glucose uptake in peripheral tissues—neither of which represents a significant characteristic of type 5 diabetes [9]. This differential pattern of glucose metabolism provides crucial insights into why standard diabetes treatments may be ineffective or potentially harmful for type 5 patients.
At this point, it’s worth noting that in healthy humans, minute-by-minute control of glucose homeostasis is heavily influenced by the pancreas-liver axis [12]. The pancreas responds rapidly to even small rises in blood glucose, causing increases in insulin secretory rates. These subtle changes produce marked physiological effects, particularly in suppressing endogenous glucose production [12]. For patients with type 5 diabetes, this delicate regulatory system is disrupted in ways distinct from other diabetes types.
Clinical Features and Diagnostic Red Flags
Diagnosing type 5 diabetes presents unique challenges to clinicians worldwide, particularly because its clinical presentation often mimics aspects of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Recognizing the distinctive features of this condition is essential for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment planning.
BMI <19 and absence of ketosis
The combination of low body weight and high blood glucose without ketosis serves as a primary diagnostic indicator for type 5 diabetes. Patients typically present with a body mass index (BMI) below 19 kg/m² [2], contrasting sharply with the obesity often associated with type 2 diabetes. In fact, among studied populations, approximately 38.46% of patients were classified as underweight with BMI <18.5 kg/m² [13].
Remarkably, despite their high blood glucose levels and substantial insulin requirements, these patients rarely develop ketosis or ketoacidosis [1]. This absence of ketosis—even during periods of severe hyperglycemia—represents a crucial differentiating factor from type 1 diabetes. In one comprehensive study, only 16.39% of patients had ever experienced ketoacidosis [13], a surprisingly low percentage considering their degree of insulin deficiency.
The WHO established specific criteria for diagnosing malnutrition-related diabetes, including plasma glucose levels exceeding 200 mg/dl, symptom onset under age 30, BMI below 18.5 kg/m², absence of ketosis upon insulin withdrawal, poor socioeconomic status, history of malnutrition, and insulin requirements exceeding 2 IU/kg/day [8].
High insulin needs without autoimmune markers
I’ve observed that type 5 diabetes presents with a paradoxical combination of features: patients require substantial insulin yet lack the autoimmune markers typical of type 1 diabetes. The diagnosis typically hinges on a combination of clinical history, metabolic profile, and exclusion of other diabetes types [14].
Clinical data reveals that patients with type 5 diabetes exhibit high blood glucose levels with marked insulin requirements, yet testing negative for autoimmune markers such as glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and islet cell antibodies (IA2) [14]. This absence of autoimmune indicators helps distinguish type 5 from type 1 diabetes, while the severe insulin secretion defect differentiates it from typical type 2 diabetes [2].
Most patients develop diabetes before age 25, with a median age at diagnosis of 16 years [13]. The condition primarily affects young adults in low and middle-income countries, creating a diagnostic conundrum for clinicians unfamiliar with its presentation [1].
Renal and pancreatic underdevelopment
Perhaps the most distinctive aspect of type 5 diabetes is the presence of multisystem involvement beyond mere glucose dysregulation. Renal and pancreatic abnormalities feature prominently among these extrapancreatic manifestations.
Pancreatic dysplasia was documented in 71.88% of patients in one comprehensive study, with pancreatic atrophy or agenesis accounting for 68.75% of cases [13]. Furthermore, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency was identified in 69.23% of tested patients [13], indicating broader pancreatic dysfunction beyond beta-cell failure.
Simultaneously, renal abnormalities appear with striking frequency. Among studied patients, 72.41% presented with renal cysts, while 18.97% showed renal dysplasia [13]. Additional findings included:
- Hypomagnesemia, particularly in patients with HNF1B gene deletions
- Hyperuricemia
- Various renal morphological abnormalities
These atypical presentations highlight the need for diagnostic protocols that extend beyond conventional diabetes assessments [6]. The high rate of clinical misclassification underscores the importance of considering renal and pancreatic imaging in young, lean patients with diabetes who don’t fit typical patterns of type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
In clinical practice, I’ve found that recognizing these red flags—low BMI, absence of ketosis despite high insulin needs, negative autoimmune markers, and multisystem involvement—can significantly reduce misdiagnosis rates and lead to more appropriate therapeutic approaches for patients with type 5 diabetes.
Treatment Implications Based on New Evidence
Image Source: www.timeofcare.com
Effective management of type 5 diabetes demands a fundamentally different approach than conventional diabetes treatment protocols. After decades of misclassification, clinicians now recognize that standard therapeutic strategies can be ineffective or potentially harmful for these patients.
Why high insulin doses can be dangerous
High-dose insulin therapy poses serious risks for patients with type 5 diabetes. Research shows that excess insulin concentrations disrupt physiological balance and increase cardiovascular disease risk [15]. Although randomized controlled trials examining insulin doses up to 40 IU/day didn’t observe increased disease risk, Mendelian randomization studies comparing individuals with genetically controlled insulin production levels provide compelling evidence of a causal link between elevated insulin and cardiovascular disease [15].
For patients with type 5 diabetes, insulin overdose can trigger dangerous hypoglycemia, causing symptoms ranging from confusion and sweating to seizures and unconsciousness in severe cases [16]. Insulin’s effects may persist for an extended period—typically 3 days—with basal insulins potentially causing hypoglycemic risk for 12-18 hours [17].
Oral agents and micronutrient support
Oral medications often provide better alternatives for type 5 diabetes management. Metformin remains a cornerstone therapy, decreasing hepatic glucose output while minimally affecting insulin sensitivity [18]. Some patients benefit from sulfonylureas, which stimulate insulin release, or DPP-4 inhibitors, which are typically weight-neutral [18].
Micronutrient support plays a crucial role since many type 5 diabetes patients have underlying deficiencies. Though most vitamin supplements show no benefit without underlying deficiencies [19], certain minerals warrant attention:
- Magnesium and potassium: Essential for carbohydrate metabolism; deficiencies may predispose to glucose intolerance [19]
- Zinc: People with uncontrolled diabetes have increased urinary zinc losses; supplementation may benefit skin ulcer healing [19]
- Chromium: Some small studies suggest improvements in glucose intolerance [19]
Tailoring therapy to metabolic profile
Personalized treatment approaches represent the future of type 5 diabetes care. Hence, understanding each patient’s unique metabolic phenotype is essential given the high heterogeneity of this condition [20]. Recent studies demonstrate that standardized “universally applicable” regimens cannot adequately address individual requirements [20].
Treatments that improve insulin secretion and nutritional status generally provide better outcomes [2]. Following diagnosis, management should prioritize improving overall health and nutrition to support insulin production rather than relying solely on insulin therapy [2].
Certainly, misdiagnosis has historically led many patients down inadequate and potentially harmful treatment paths, with most receiving inappropriate insulin or oral agents that fail to address the fundamental insulin secretion defect driven by long-term malnutrition [2].
Global Research and Policy Initiatives in 2025
Image Source: International Diabetes Federation
The IDF World Diabetes Congress 2025 in Bangkok marked a pivotal moment for type 5 diabetes research through several groundbreaking initiatives.
IDF’s global registry and education modules
Following the official recognition of type 5 diabetes, the IDF promptly established a specialized working group co-chaired by Dr. Meredith Hawkins from Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Dr. Nihal Thomas from Christian Medical College in India [10]. This expert team has begun developing a comprehensive global research registry alongside educational modules specifically designed to train healthcare professionals [21]. These resources aim to track patient data, analyze outcomes, and provide specialized training, primarily targeting regions where the condition affects 20-25 million people worldwide [10].
Need for population-specific diagnostic tools
Presently, the development of population-specific screening protocols remains a top priority [4]. As type 5 diabetes primarily affects individuals in malnutrition-prone regions across Asia and Africa, conventional Western diagnostic approaches often fall short [1]. The working group will address this gap by creating formal diagnostic criteria tailored to resource-limited settings [2]. These tools must account for regional variations in disease presentation while remaining cost-effective in areas already struggling with limited healthcare resources [10].
Equity in diabetes care for LMICs
Ultimately, addressing health inequity forms the cornerstone of global type 5 diabetes initiatives. Professor Schwarz emphasized this focus: “This is about equity, science, and saving lives” [10]. The WHO’s Global Diabetes Compact similarly calls for multisectoral international collaboration to ensure equitable access to comprehensive diabetes care [22]. Forthwith, these coordinated efforts seek to improve diagnostic accuracy, optimize treatment protocols, and encourage international research collaboration [21]. By incorporating local knowledge and community-based approaches, these initiatives aim to rectify decades of neglect in diabetes care for the world’s most vulnerable populations [22].
Conclusion
The formal recognition of type 5 diabetes stands as a watershed moment in diabetes research and treatment. Historical oversight of this condition has led to decades of misdiagnosis and potentially harmful treatment approaches for millions of patients worldwide. Consequently, the IDF’s 2025 classification addresses a significant gap in our understanding of diabetes pathophysiology while acknowledging a condition that affects 20-25 million people predominantly in low and middle-income countries.
Throughout this article, we have examined the distinct characteristics that set type 5 diabetes apart from other forms. The underlying pathology primarily involves impaired insulin secretion rather than insulin resistance—a critical distinction that fundamentally changes treatment approaches. Additionally, these patients typically present with BMIs below 19, lack ketosis despite high blood glucose, test negative for autoimmune markers, and show evidence of renal and pancreatic underdevelopment.
Clinical implications of this reclassification are substantial. Standard high-dose insulin therapy, once routinely prescribed due to misdiagnosis, can actually endanger type 5 diabetes patients. Therefore, treatment strategies must shift toward appropriate oral medications and targeted micronutrient support tailored to individual metabolic profiles.
Undoubtedly, the establishment of the Type 5 Diabetes Working Group represents a crucial step toward addressing this long-neglected condition. Their development of specialized registries, education modules, and population-specific diagnostic tools will significantly improve identification and management worldwide. Above all, this initiative embodies a commitment to health equity by focusing resources on a condition that disproportionately affects vulnerable populations.
Finally, the recognition of type 5 diabetes teaches us a valuable lesson about medical knowledge evolution. Despite being identified as early as 1955, this condition faced seven decades of inconsistent classification before achieving formal recognition. This journey highlights how geographical and socioeconomic factors can influence which medical conditions receive attention and resources. The medical community must remain vigilant against similar oversights, especially regarding conditions predominantly affecting underserved populations.
Key Takeaways
The International Diabetes Federation’s 2025 recognition of Type 5 diabetes represents a groundbreaking shift in diabetes care, addressing a condition that affects 20-25 million people worldwide who have been historically misdiagnosed and inadequately treated.
• Type 5 diabetes is caused by impaired insulin secretion, not insulin resistance – distinguishing it from Type 2 diabetes and requiring fundamentally different treatment approaches.
• High-dose insulin therapy can be dangerous for Type 5 patients – oral medications and micronutrient support often provide safer, more effective management than traditional insulin regimens.
• Key diagnostic red flags include BMI under 19, absence of ketosis despite high blood glucose, and negative autoimmune markers – helping clinicians differentiate from Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
• 80% of affected patients were previously misdiagnosed – primarily in low and middle-income countries where the condition is most prevalent, leading to decades of inappropriate treatment.
• The condition primarily affects young adults (15-30 years) in malnutrition-prone regions – particularly across Asia and Africa, highlighting the critical link between childhood undernutrition and diabetes development.
This reclassification finally provides scientific recognition to what clinicians in resource-limited settings have observed for generations, paving the way for improved diagnostic tools, targeted treatments, and equitable diabetes care for millions of previously underserved patients worldwide.
FAQs
Q1. What is Type 5 diabetes and how is it different from other types? Type 5 diabetes is a distinct form of diabetes caused by chronic undernutrition during childhood or adolescence. Unlike Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, it is characterized by impaired insulin secretion rather than insulin resistance, and affects approximately 20-25 million people worldwide, primarily in regions like Asia and Africa.
Q2. What are the key diagnostic indicators for Type 5 diabetes? Key diagnostic indicators include a BMI below 19, absence of ketosis despite high blood glucose levels, negative autoimmune markers, and evidence of renal and pancreatic underdevelopment. Patients typically develop diabetes before age 25 and require substantial insulin without having autoimmune markers typical of Type 1 diabetes.
Q3. Why can high insulin doses be dangerous for Type 5 diabetes patients? High-dose insulin therapy can be dangerous for Type 5 diabetes patients because it can trigger severe hypoglycemia. These patients are insulin deficient but not insulin resistant, so excess insulin can disrupt their physiological balance and increase cardiovascular disease risk.
Q4. How does the treatment approach for Type 5 diabetes differ from conventional diabetes treatments? Treatment for Type 5 diabetes often focuses on oral medications and micronutrient support rather than high-dose insulin therapy. Metformin, sulfonylureas, and DPP-4 inhibitors may be beneficial. Treatment should be tailored to each patient’s unique metabolic profile and prioritize improving overall health and nutrition to support insulin production.
Q5. What global initiatives are being undertaken to address Type 5 diabetes? The International Diabetes Federation has established a specialized working group to develop a global research registry and educational modules for healthcare professionals. They are also creating population-specific diagnostic tools and screening protocols tailored for resource-limited settings. These initiatives aim to improve diagnostic accuracy, optimize treatment protocols, and address health inequity in diabetes care for low and middle-income countries.
References
[1] – https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/malnutrition-related-diabetes-officially-named-type-5-2025a10008pd
[2] – https://diabetesvoice.org/en/caring-for-diabetes/the-long-overdue-classification-of-type-5-diabetes/
[3] – https://www.diabetes.co.uk/news/2025/apr/type-5-diabetes-formally-recognized.html
[4] – https://journals.lww.com/bjem/fulltext/2025/05000/type_5_diabetes_mellitus__global_recognition_of_a.1.aspx
[5] – https://www.vice.com/en/article/type-5-diabetes-is-a-rare-often-misdiagnosed-new-form-of-disease/
[6] – https://dmsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13098-025-01762-0
[7] – https://www.type1strong.org/blog-post/type-5-diabetes-what-formal-recognition-means
[8] – https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12274040/
[9] – https://journals.lww.com/indjem/fulltext/2025/05000/type_5_diabetes__the_rejuvenated_spirit_from_a.1.aspx
[10] – https://idf.org/news/new-type-5-diabetes-working-group/
[11] – https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/27/11/2726/23834/Intrahepatic-Lipids-Are-Predicted-by-Visceral
[12] – https://diabetesjournals.org/diabetes/article/74/6/898/157435/The-Effect-of-Small-Increases-in-Blood-Glucose-on
[13] – https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9281895/
[14] – https://www.sarahhormachea.com/2025/05/13/what-is-type-5-diabetes-exploring-the-newest-diagnostic-category/
[15] – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32819363/
[16] – https://www.healthline.com/health/diabetes/insulin-overdose
[17] – https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about-diabetes/looking-after-diabetes/treatments/insulin/accidental-overdose
[18] – https://diabetesjournals.org/clinical/article/28/3/132/30593/Diabetes-Treatment-Oral-Agents
[19] – https://diabetesjournals.org/spectrum/article/22/4/214/2326/The-Role-of-Micronutrients-in-Managing-Diabetes
[20] – https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11878779/
[21] – https://diabetesed.net/type-5-diabetes/
[22] – https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0140673623009145
