Commonly used drugs for pain control What pharmacologic agents are commonly used for pain control? What is their reversal agent? Opiates are commonly used to provide pain control. Commonly used opiates include fentanyl, morphine, and meperidine. Naloxone is used as a reversal agent for opiates and is typically administered intravenously. The effect of naloxone is […]
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What are the usual effects of benzodiazepines? Benzodiazepines produce sedation and amnesia but do not provide analgesia. Significant adverse effects of benzodiazepines include respiratory and cardiovascular depression. Paradoxic reactions can occur with benzodiazepines and are more common in the elderly.
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Drugs commonly used for conscious sedation What pharmacologic agents are commonly used for patients undergoing conscious sedation? What is their reversal agent? Benzodiazepines are typically used to provide conscious sedation. Common benzodiazepines include midazolam, lorazepam, and diazepam. Flumazenil is used as a reversal agent for benzodiazepines. The effect of flumazenil is usually visible in 2
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What unique postoperative complication occurs in patients receiving cementless THA? Mild to moderate thigh pain occurs in approximately 20% of patients receiving the porous-coated THA. This pain is attributable to a bony stress reaction occurring at the tip of the femoral stem. It usually does not require medication and resolves in 12 to 18 months.
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What new and emerging osteoporosis therapies are in development? • Antiresorptive drugs • New SERMs: lasofoxifene, bazedoxifene, arzoxifene • Osteoanabolic drugs • Teriparatide: transdermal, intranasal • Abaloparatide: transdermal • Sclerostin inhibitors: antisclerostin antibody (romosozumab) • Calcilytic (stimulates endogenous PTH release): ronacaleret • Tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph 1) inhibitor: inhibit gut-derived serotonin
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Which medications are effective in preventing and treating Glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis? Bisphosphonates (alendronate, risedronate, zoledronic acid), denosumab, and teriparatide have been shown in randomized controlled trials to significantly improve BMD and reduce fractures in GC-treated patients. They are instituted based on FRAX risk assessment score (high, medium, low), T-score, history of fragility fracture, and patient
What constitutes a treatment failure to osteoporosis therapy? This is a controversial issue because all FDA-approved treatments, if taken as directed, significantly reduce the risk of fractures. However, no treatment completely eliminates the risk of fractures since treated patients are already at high risk for fractures. The currently suggested criteria to define failure to respond
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