What molecules mediate cell injury and death?
Free radicals
molecules with one or more unpaired electrons, such as superoxide anion (O2−)(O2−) and hydroxyl radical (OH), produced in ischemic stroke as well as neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS (mutations in superoxide dismutase)
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
a proinflammatory cytokine → endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule expression to support leukocyte infiltration in ischemia
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1
endothelial upregulation in ischemia that may potentiate injury by facilitating invasion of neutrophils
