Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with RCC
Nearly 40% of patients with RCC develop paraneoplastic syndromes. RCC produces a range of ectopic hormones, including parathyroid-like hormone, erythropoietin, insulin, gonadotropins, renin, and placental lactogen.
Clinically, this may manifest in a range of symptoms and laboratory abnormalities including, but not limited to, hypertension (24%), hypercalcemia (10% to 15%), and erythrocytosis (4%).
