Lymphangitis in Children – 5 Common Symptoms, Important Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

Lymphangitis in Children

• Lymphangitis is inflammation of a lymph vessel that usually results from an infected skin wound.
• The lymphatic system is part of the body’s immune system, which protects the body from infections and diseases.
• The lymphatic system is a network of vessels, glands, and organs that transport a fluid called lymph as well as other substances around the body. Lymph vessels connect the lymph glands, which are also called lymph nodes. Lymph glands filter viruses, bacteria, and waste products from lymph.
• Lymphangitis causes red streaks, swelling, and skin soreness in the area of the affected lymph vessels.
• Starting treatment right away is important because this condition can quickly get worse and lead to serious illness.
• Lymph nodes in children are usually and physiologically bigger than in adolescents and adults; this happens because of the continuous exposure to new antigens.
• The enlargement of lymph nodes caused by inflammatory and infectious processes is called lymphadenitis.
• Inflammation and infection of the lymph nodes can occur not only with the increased size of the nodes, but they can also be associated with pain, skin changes, edema, fever, and/or purulent exudate

What are the causes?

• Lymphangitis in Children is usually caused by a bacterial infection of the skin. The bacteria may enter the body through an injury to the skin, such as a cut, scratch, surgical incision, or insect bite.
• Lymphangitis usually results from infection with a streptococcus or staphylococcus bacteria, but it may also be caused by other infections.

Here are some common causes of lymphangitis in children:

1. Skin Infections: Bacterial skin infections, such as cellulitis or impetigo, can lead to lymphangitis if the bacteria spread from the skin into the lymphatic vessels.
2. Wounds and Cuts: Any cut, scratch, or wound on the skin can serve as an entry point for bacteria, leading to lymphangitis.
3. Insect Bites: Bites from insects like mosquitoes or ticks can introduce bacteria into the skin, causing lymphangitis.
4. Animal Scratches or Bites: Scratches or bites from animals, particularly domestic pets, can also lead to lymphangitis.
5. Poor Hygiene Practices: Poor hygiene, especially in areas with limited access to clean water and sanitation, can increase the risk of skin infections and lymphangitis.
6. Compromised Immune System: Children with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, may be more susceptible to lymphangitis.
7. Lymphatic Disorders: Rarely, children with congenital lymphatic disorders or conditions affecting lymphatic function may be prone to recurrent episodes of lymphangitis.

What are the symptoms of Lymphangitis in Children?

Common symptoms of Lymphangitis in Children include:

1. A red streak or red streaks on the skin.
2. Skin pain, throbbing, or tenderness.
3. Skin swelling.
4. Skin warmth.
5. Blistering of the affected skin.

Other symptoms include:

• Fever.
• Pain and swelling of nearby lymph glands.
• Chills.
• Headache.
• Fatigue.
• Overall ill feeling.

How is this diagnosed?

Lymphangitis in Children may be diagnosed from a medical history and physical exam. Your child may also have tests, such as:

• Blood tests to help determine which type of bacteria caused the infection.
• Culture tests on a sample of pus that is taken from an infected wound or swollen gland. This testing can also help to determine which type of bacteria was involved.
• X-rays, if your child has a red or swollen joint. In this case, your child may also be referred to a bone specialist.

How is this treated?

• Lymphangitis in Children may be treated with antibiotic medicines. For severe infections, the antibiotics might be given directly into a vein through an IV. Your child may also be given medicine for pain and inflammation. In some cases, a procedure may be done to drain pus from a wound or a lymph gland.

Follow these instructions at home:

• Give medicines only as directed by your child’s health care provider.
• Give your child antibiotics as directed by his or her health care provider. Have your child finish the antibiotic even if he or she starts to feel better.
• Have your child drink enough fluid to keep his or her urine clear or pale yellow.
• Have your child rest.
• If possible, have your child keep the affected area raised (elevated).
• Apply warm, moist compresses to the affected area.
• Keep all follow-up visits as directed by your child’s health care provider. This is important.

Contact a health care provider if:

• Your child does not improve after 1–2 days of treatment.
• Your child’s red streaks get worse despite treatment, or your child develops new red streaks.
• Your child has pain, redness, or swelling around a lymph gland.
• Your child refuses to drink.
• Your child has a fever that is new or does not go away after 1–2 days of treatment.
• Your child has pain that is not helped by medicine.

Get help right away if:

• Your child who is younger than 3 months has a temperature of 100°F (38°C) or higher.
• Your child is vomiting and is not able to keep medicines or liquids down.
• You have a hard time waking up your child.
• Your child has a severe headache or stiff neck.
• Your child has signs of dehydration. These may include:
  • Weakness, fatigue, or unusual fussiness.
  • Minimal urine production, or not urinating at least once every 8 hours.
  • No tears.
  • Dry mouth.

Summary

Lymphangitis refers to the inflammation of the lymphatic vessels, which are responsible for carrying lymph (a fluid containing white blood cells) throughout the body. In children, lymphangitis can occur due to an infection that affects the lymphatic vessels. The most common cause is bacterial infection, often originating from a skin wound or infection. Streptococcal and staphylococcal bacteria are commonly implicated.

Here are key points about lymphangitis in children:

1. Symptoms: Children with lymphangitis may experience:
   • Red streaks on the skin, extending from the infected area.
   • Swelling and tenderness along the affected lymphatic vessels.
   • Fever and general malaise.
2. Causes: Lymphangitis is commonly caused by a bacterial infection. The infection often starts in a localized area, such as a wound, skin infection, or infected insect bite. The bacteria then spread through the lymphatic vessels, causing inflammation.
3. Diagnosis: The diagnosis is primarily based on clinical symptoms and physical examination. In some cases, laboratory tests, such as blood cultures, may be performed to identify the causative bacteria.
4. Treatment:
   • Antibiotics: Bacterial infections associated with lymphangitis are typically treated with antibiotics. The choice of antibiotic depends on the suspected or identified bacteria.
   • Analgesics and antipyretics: Medications may be prescribed to alleviate pain and reduce fever.
5. Wound Care: If the lymphangitis is associated with a skin wound or infection, proper wound care is essential. Keeping the wound clean, using antibiotics if prescribed, and ensuring that the wound is healing properly can help prevent the spread of infection.
6. Rest and Hydration: Adequate rest and hydration are important for supporting the child’s overall recovery.
7. Follow-up: Regular follow-up with a healthcare professional is crucial to monitor the child’s progress and ensure that the infection is responding to treatment.

It’s important for parents or caregivers to seek prompt medical attention if they suspect lymphangitis in a child, especially if there is red streaking on the skin, swelling, or signs of systemic illness such as fever. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can help prevent complications and promote a faster recovery.

As with any medical condition, information provided here is general, and individual cases may vary. Healthcare professionals should be consulted for personalized advice and treatment based on the specific circumstances of the child.