What characteristic clinical presentations are associated with specific types of functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors?
Characteristic Clinical Presentations Associated with Specific Types of Functional Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
| TUMOR TYPE | CLINICAL PRESENTATION |
|---|---|
| Insulinoma | Whipple’s triad (fasting hypoglycemia, symptoms of hypoglycemia, and symptomatic relief with intravenous glucose administration) |
| Gastrinoma | Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (severe gastroesophageal reflux disease [GERD], severe peptic ulcer disease [PUD], diarrhea) |
| Glucagonoma | 4D syndrome ( d iabetes mellitus, d ermatitis, d eep venous thrombosis [DVT], d epression) |
| VIPoma | WDHA syndrome ( w atery d iarrhea, h ypokalemia, a chlorhydria) (where VIP stands for vasoactive intestinal peptide) |
| Somatostatinoma | Inhibitory syndrome (diabetes mellitus or glucose intolerance, cholelithiasis, weight loss, diarrhea ± steatorrhea, hypochlorhydria/achlorhydria) |
