How is IUGR diagnosed sonographically? IUGR is defined as an estimated fetal weight less than the tenth percentile for expected gestational age. It can be due to a variety of etiologies including multiple maternal factors that result in placental insufficiency such as hypertension, smoking, or alcohol or drug use. Fetal causes include chromosomal abnormalities and …
What is the significance of finding dilated bilateral renal pelves on routine second trimester Ultrasound? Prior to 23 weeks gestation, the normal diameter of fetal renal pelves is ≤5 mm, and after 23 weeks, ≤7 mm. Dilated renal pelves can be the result of vesicoureteral reflux, ureteropelvic junction obstruction, posterior urethral valves (where the bladder would also …
When should the urinary bladder be visible on Ultrasound? By 16 weeks gestation, the bladder should be visible sonographically. As the bladder may normally fill and empty during the course of a routine second trimester US, if the bladder is not first visualized, repeat US imaging should be performed every 15 to 20 minutes for …
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Ultrasound features of an omphalocele versus gastroschisis Omphalocele and gastroschisis are the most common abdominal wall defects, occurring in up to 1 in 4000 (omphalocele) and 1 in 10,000 (gastroschisis) live births. An omphalocele is a midline anterior abdominal wall defect containing variable herniated abdominal contents including the liver and/or bowel. The umbilical cord inserts …
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What is the most common intrathoracic or extracardiac fetal anomaly? Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) occurs in 1 of every 2000 to 3000 live births. Up to 90% occur on the left side and can occur posterolaterally as a Bochdalek hernia in 90%, or anteromedially as a Morgagni hernia in 10%. CDH is diagnosed on US …
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How is fetal pulmonary hypoplasia assessed on Ultrasound? The appearance of a small fetal thorax and low thoracic circumference is suggestive of pulmonary hypoplasia. A fetal thorax-to-head ratio of <1 carries a poor prognosis. The echogenicity of the fetal lungs on US is not a reliable indicator of lung maturity. Pulmonary hypoplasia can be idiopathic …
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How many anomalies can be detected on the second trimester Ultrasound four chamber heart view? With the standard four-chamber heart view alone, up to 70% of fetal cardiac anomalies can be detected, including cardiomegaly, cardiac masses (rhabdomyoma), septal defects, endocardial cushion defects, and hypoplastic left heart. With the addition of visualizing the right and left …