What are different options for reference frames in spinal navigation? • Spinous process clamp • Head holder attachments (Mayfield skull clamps) • Posterior superior iliac spine percutaneous pins • Surgical mask–based system (skin-adhesive cutaneous frame) • Pedicle screw clamps (for revision cases with screws in place or for second intraoperative navigation scans)
What are the essential working components of an intraoperative spinal navigation system? An Intraoperative Spinal Navigation System consists of four major components: • Imaging modality: Navigation may be based on use of an intraoperative imaging modality such as a 3D CT or CT-like scanner or 3D fluoroscopy scanner. Alternatively, imaging data obtained intraoperatively can be matched with …
What are the principles upon which intraoperative spinal navigation is based? Intraoperative spinal navigation is based on the principles of stereotaxy , which refers to localization of a specific point in space using a 3D coordinate system. Spinal imaging data and anatomic data from the surgical field are defined within separate 3D Cartesian coordinate systems and specific …
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Development of spinal navigation Spinal navigation was introduced in the early 1990s as advances in computer-based technologies enabled a transition from frame-based systems developed for cranial surgery to frameless navigation systems. First-generation frameless systems involved a range of technologies, including two-dimensional (2D) fluoroscopy and wired navigation instruments. Second-generation systems involved passive reflective reference frames, point-by-point …
Superior Cluneal Nerve Entrapment Syndrome Entrapment of the superior cluneal nerve is an uncommon cause of low back and buttocks pain. Comprising the terminal branches of the posterior rami of L1, L2, and L3 nerve roots, the superior cluneal nerves provide cutaneous innervation to the upper part of the buttocks and are susceptible to entrapment …
Lumbar Myofascial Pain Syndrome The muscles of the back work together as a functional unit to stabilize and allow coordinated movement of the low back and allow maintaining an upright position. Trauma to an individual muscle can result in dysfunction of the entire functional unit. The rhomboids, latissimus dorsi, iliocostalis quadratus lumborum, multifidus, and psoas …
Lumbar Paraspinal Compartment Syndrome Lumbar paraspinal compartment syndrome most often occurs after excessive exertional activities in patients who do not routinely exercise. Activities associated with lumbar paraspinal compartment syndrome include the prolonged use of exercise equipment, weight lifting, surfing, and skiing. This syndrome is also rarely seen after direct injury to the paraspinous muscles, and …