What are the findings of primary tuberculosis of the lungs in a pediatric patient? The findings of primary tuberculosis are nonspecific, as in an adult, but can include mediastinal or hilar lymphadenopathy or both, pulmonary parenchymal disease, and pleural effusion.
What are the pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations of cystic fibrosis? Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder of abnormal chloride ion transport, which results in backup of thick mucus secretions in various organs. In the lungs, cystic fibrosis manifests as repeated infections that result in bronchiectasis, predominantly in the upper lobes. On chest radiographs, bronchiectasis …
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how chlamydial pneumonia manifests clinically and radiographically Chlamydial pneumonia is a disease of neonates, usually manifesting within the first 2 weeks of life, often with associated conjunctivitis. Chest radiographs usually show lung hyperinflation and ill-defined linear markings, sometimes creating a shaggy appearance of the cardiac border.
What is the most common cause of a neonatal pleural effusion? A chylothorax is the most common cause of a neonatal pleural effusion. The etiologic factor is uncertain but may be secondary to birth trauma of the thoracic duct. This is typically treated conservatively, with drainage of the effusion and administration of a medium-chain triglyceride …
What are the major (prenatally diagnosed) surgical diseases of the neonatal chest? Surgical neonatal chest disease is generally a focal process and includes entities such as CDH, congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) (previously known as congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation [CCAM]), pulmonary sequestration, and congenital lobar emphysema (CLE). Although these entities may appear solid at birth, …
What is neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy (NEHI), and how does it present clinically and radiographically? NEHI is a poorly understood entity with an increased number of neuroendocrine cells seen in the lung tissue at biopsy. Patients often present with persistent tachypnea and hypoxia. Radiographs are often nonspecific but may show hyperinflation with perihilar opacities. …
What are alveolar growth disorders, and what is their CT appearance? Alveolar growth disorders are those caused by entities that limit alveolarization of the lung. Prenatal causes include congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), abdominal wall defects, neuromuscular disorders, and chromosomal disorders. The most common postnatal cause is chronic lung disease of prematurity from prolonged intubation. Chest …