Health

What other conditions can result in gallbladder wall thickening?  Numerous conditions exist. These are (1) congestive heart failure; (2) constrictive pericarditis; (3) hypoalbuminemia; (4) renal failure; (5) portal venous congestion or portal hypertension; (6) hepatic venoocclusive disease; (7) chronic cholecystitis; (8) acquired immune deficiency syndrome–related cholangitis; (9) adenomyomatosis; (10) primary sclerosing cholangitis; (11) leukemic infiltration; …

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CT findings in acute cholecystitis Findings are similar to those of US; wall thickening, pericholecystic fluid, and gallstones are seen. CT is better than US at detecting stranding in the adjacent tissues. CECT can also demonstrate enhancement in the adjacent liver. CT can depict intramural gas in emphysematous cholecystitis.

How does Budd Chiari syndrome affect Doppler waveforms?  Budd-Chiari syndrome refers to obstruction of hepatic venous outflow. It can occur anywhere from the small hepatic venules to the IVC. It is diagnosed when echogenic thrombus or absent flow is present in one or more of the HVs or the suprahepatic IVC. Intrahepatic collaterals extending from …

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How are Doppler waveforms altered in PV thrombosis?  In acute PV thrombosis, flow in the PV is markedly diminished or absent, with no Doppler waveform or color flow. Cavernous transformation of the PV, manifested by multiple tubular channels in the porta hepatis demonstrating Doppler and color flow with nonvisualization of the native PV, may develop …

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Sonographic findings of portal hypertension Portal hypertension can be suggested when (1) PV diameter is larger than 13 mm, (2) there is less than 20% increase in the PV diameter with deep inspiration, (3) a monophasic waveform is present, and (4) flow velocity is decreased. Specific measurements may be unreliable given PV diameter variability and …

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What is a normal Doppler waveform?  The “normal” Doppler waveform depends on the vessel being imaged. In general, veins have continuous low-velocity flow that varies with respiration. The PV normally has hepatopetal flow (flow toward the liver) that ranges from 15 to 18 cm/sec. The HVs have triphasic and pulsatile flow directed away from the …

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Hepatic abscess appearance on US CT and MRI General: Hepatic abscesses can develop from (1) biliary, (2) portal venous, (3) arterial, (4) local extension, and (5) traumatic etiologic factors. US: A hepatic abscess appears as a complex fluid collection, typically with septations, an irregular wall, and internal debris or air. Air is seen as a focal area …

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