| Oliguria | Decreased urine output (<0.5 mL/kghour in children, <400 mL/day in adults) | Volume depletion; kidney failure |
| Anuria | Severely decreased urine output (<100 mL/day) | Kidney failure |
| Absolute anuria | No (0 mL) urine output | Blocked/kinked catheter, urinary obstruction |
| Dysuria | Pain or burning while passing urine | Urinary tract infections, stones, sexually transmitted infections, interstitial cystitis |
| Hematuria | Presence of blood in urine; Gross: visible with naked eyeMicroscopic: only seen with dipstick/urinanalysis | Source of blood can be urinary tract or glomerulus |
| Proteinuria | Presence of protein in urine, by dipstick (trace or more) or quantitation | Usually suggests intrinsic kidney disease |
| Microalbuminuria | Very small amounts of albumin in urine, usually missed by urine dipstick | Sign of early diabetic kidney damage; in nondiabetic conditions suggests endothelial dysfunction |
| Polyuria | Increased amount of urine (opposite of oliguria) | Increased water intake; diabetes |
| Nocturia | Increased frequency of urine at night | Usually accompanies polyuria; also with chronic kidney disease (decreased urinary concentrating ability) |
| Pollakiuria | Frequent urination in the daytime | Benign condition in children; accompanies polyuria; neurogenic bladder; drugs (e.g., tolvaptan) |
