What is Persistent Vegetative State (PVS)

Persistent vegetative state is a condition in which a person loses the higher powers of the brain. In PVS, some functions of the brain, like breathing and circulation, still work.

Sleep and wake cycles continue to occur, but there are no responses to outside stimulation. For example, a person in this state will open his or her eyes, but will not track objects. He or she may smile, cry, or make moaning noises, but none of these actions are done on purpose. He or she will not follow any commands.

What are the symptoms of a person in a persistent vegetative state?

A persistent vegetative state sometimes happens after a coma. A person in this condition:

• Has lost his or her thinking abilities.
• Has lost awareness of his or her environment.
• Still has some abilities that do not involve thinking (cognition).
• Has a sleep-wake cycle.
• Cannot eat. He or she will get nutrition through a feeding tube.

Persistent vegetative state is different from minimally conscious state (MCS) or vegetative state (VS). Persistent vegetative state means that the brain injury has lasted for several months (is persistent). It can be difficult to tell the difference between these conditions. A neurologist or specialty physician can help confirm the diagnosis.

What causes a persistent vegetative state?

This condition is caused by:

• Injury or trauma to the brain.
• Lack of oxygen to the brain for a long period. This can be caused by many things, including a heart attack or stroke.
• Poisonous (toxic) effects of drugs and alcohol.

What treatments are available for a person in a persistent vegetative state?

There is no recovery of cognitive function in this condition because PVS is irreversible. Initial treatment focuses on the injuries or diseases that caused the PVS. Once the person is out of immediate danger, the health care team focuses on maintaining the person’s physical condition. Treatment includes:

• Preventing pneumonia.
• Preventing pressure ulcers.
• Providing balanced nutrition through a feeding tube.
• Preventing permanent muscular stiffness (contractures).
• Preventing bone and joint deformities.

What is the outlook?

The condition is irreversible. Some caregivers may decide to stop nutrition and other support, allowing natural death to occur. Each situation is different, so work closely with your loved one’s health care provider, clergy, or social worker who can offer support and guidance.

Summary

• A persistent vegetative state is a condition in which a person loses the higher powers of the brain. Some functions of the brain, like breathing and circulation, still work.
• There is no recovery of cognitive function in this condition because this state is irreversible.