Epidemiologic characteristics of patients who present with a hypertensive emergency

What are the epidemiologic characteristics of patients who present with a hypertensive emergency?

Most such patients have a history of stage 2 hypertension that has not been adequately treated. The most common cause of this is nonadherence to prescribed medication. In the last millennium, patients presenting with “malignant hypertension” typically had very high blood pressures (before treatment) and were often cigarette smokers. Secondary hypertension, especially renovascular hypertension, was often found in patients with Keith-Wagener-Barker Grade III (hemorrhages/exudates) or IV (frank papilledema) retinopathy; chronic kidney disease was also very common in such patients in the 1970s.

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