Mental Health

Neurobehavioral features of dementia with Lewy bodies What are the neurobehavioral characteristics of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB)?  Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second most common progressive neurodegenerative dementia. The clinical findings can be much more variable than are those in AD. The core feature of DLB is a dementia with a predominant dysexecutive syndrome …

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What are the neurobehavioral features of Alzheimers Disease?  Alzheimers Disease is the most common neurodegenerative dementia in the elderly. In typical cases, the disease process starts in the medial temporal lobe, mainly hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, so the cardinal symptom is progressive memory impairment. Pathology then spreads to involve adjacent lateral temporal and parietal areas, …

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Neurocognitive Disorders Differential Diagnosis How is a differential diagnosis of Neurocognitive Disorder made?  The diagnosis is usually made through careful history and examination. Each etiopathology leading to cognitive impairment has a characteristic neurobehavioral pattern, which usually starts focally and then spreads to adjacent brain areas. A careful history and neuropsychological evaluation (by formal testing or …

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What is mild cognitive impairment (MCI)?  Mild cognitive impairment is defined as cognitive dysfunction greater than expected for age and education in either a single cognitive domain or in multiple domains without impairment in activities of daily living (ADLs). In the new classification of NCDs, memory impairment with preserved nonmemory cognition has been referred to as amnestic …

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What is delirium?  Delirium is a disturbance in awareness, attention, and cognition developing over a short period of time and represents a decline from baseline. Delirium tends to fluctuate in severity temporally and is a result of another medical condition, or withdrawal, or exposure to toxins, as evidenced by history, physical examination, or laboratory findings. The …

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Neurocognitive Disorders What are neurocognitive disorders (NCDs)?  NCDs are syndromes where the core symptom is cognitive impairment affecting at least one domain (complex attention, executive function, learning and memory, language, perceptual-motor, or social cognition), based on the concern of an individual, a knowledgeable informant, or the clinician, leading to a persistent decline in level of …

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Kluver Bucy syndrome What are the features of Kluver Bucy syndrome and where is the lesion associated with it?  Docility, placidity, hypersexuality, hyperorality, and visual agnosia may be seen as part of the Klüver Bucy syndrome. Hypermetamorphosis (a desire to explore everything) is also associated. This syndrome is seen in monkeys with experimental bilateral temporal lobectomies.  Occasionally, …

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