Carotid Sinus Syndrome Light-headedness, dizziness, presyncope, or syncope in a patient with carotid sinus hypersensitivity is defined as carotid sinus syndrome (CSS). Carotid sinus hypersensitivity is the exaggerated response to carotid stimulation resulting in bradycardia, hypotension, or both. CSS is often considered a variant of neurocardiogenic syncope. The 2013 European Guidelines (ESC) defines CSS as …
Cervical Dysplasia Cervical dysplasia refers to the atypical development of intraepithelial cells of the cervix that do not cross the basement membrane and is a precursor to cervical cancer. It is caused by persistent infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), most commonly types 16 and 18. Characteristics include increased cellularity, nuclear abnormalities, and increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. A …
9 Interesting Facts of Chondral Injuries Chondral lesions of the elbow may present as acute or repetitive injuries. Osteochondritis dissecans is a condition that may develop spontaneously or more commonly in juvenile athletes (“little leaguer’s elbow”). The pathology consists of localized avascular necrosis with subsequent loss of structural support for the adjacent cartilage. The cause …
9 Interesting Facts of Cysticercosis Cysticercosis is infection caused by the larval stage of Taenia solium (pork tapeworm); most common and serious manifestations occur when cysticerci (larval stage) invade the central nervous system, causing neurocysticercosis Manifestations depend on number, location, size, and stage of lesion (viable, degenerative, calcified), and host inflammatory response to degenerating cysts; months or years …
Cerebral Vasculitis Cerebral vasculitis refers to a group of heterogeneous disorders characterized by pathologic inflammation and leukocytoclastic changes in the blood vessel walls. Synonyms Primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) Central nervous system angiitis Cerebral arteritis Epidemiology & Demographics Incidence 2.4 cases per 1,000,000 person-yr for PACNS Predominant Gender Males are affected twice …
Cutaneous Larva Migrans Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) is a syndrome defined clinically and parasitologically by subcutaneous larval migration of nematodes. Creeping eruption is the cardinal manifestation. It includes neither diseases in which creeping eruption is due to nonlarval forms of parasites nor diseases without creeping eruptions from subcutaneous migration of larval parasites. Because animal hookworms …
Cyanosis Bluish coloration of tissue caused by increased quantity of deoxygenated hemoglobin Synonyms Methemoglobinemia Sulfhemoglobinemia Acrocyanosis Pseudocyanosis Epidemiology & Demographics Incidence Unknown Prevalence Unknown Predominant Sex and Age Unknown Peak Incidence Unknown Risk Factors Congenital heart disease, environmental exposures, hypercoagulable state, cardiopulmonary disease, cirrhosis, exposure to aniline dyes, lidocaine use Genetics None Physical Findings & …